{"$schema":"nativecad-dfm-pack/1","id":"appliances","title":"Appliances — panels, knobs, switches, hinges, lamps and kitchen/bath hardware","sector":"appliances","version":"2026-09-03","summary":"Sheet-metal and plastic panel gauges, control knobs and switches, hinges/latches, cable glands and cords, lamp holders/LED modules/heatsinks, kitchen and bathroom hardware coordinating sizes, and the IEC 60335/60598 safety tests an appliance or luminaire is held to.","aliases":["appliance","kitchen appliance","lamp","lighting","light fixture","luminaire","led bulb","lampshade","control knob","appliance panel","hinge","latch","kitchen cabinet module","bathroom hardware","towel rail","faucet","home hardware","door handle","coffee machine","toaster"],"crossSector":false,"size":"full","sources":[{"id":"iec-60335-1","title":"IEC 60335-1 Household and similar electrical appliances — Safety — Part 1: General requirements","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"iec-60598-1","title":"IEC 60598-1 Luminaires — Part 1: General requirements and tests","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"en-60320","title":"EN 60320-1 / IEC 60320-1 Appliance couplers for household and similar general purposes (C14, C8)","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"zhaga-book3","title":"Zhaga Book 3 — LED Light Engine with Separate Control Gear (LES interface specification)","url":"https://www.zhagastandard.org/","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"bhma-a156","title":"ANSI/BHMA A156 series — Builders Hardware Standards (hinges, latches, locks, exit devices)","url":"https://www.buildershardware.com/ansi-bhma-standards","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"iec-60529","title":"IEC 60529 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"en-1116","title":"EN 1116 Kitchen furniture — Coordinating sizes for kitchen furniture and kitchen appliances","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"bourns-knobs","title":"Bourns Potentiometer Knob and D-Shaft Dimension Guide","url":"https://www.bourns.com/","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"lapp-skintop","title":"Lapp SKINTOP Cable Gland Metric and PG-Thread Dimension Guide","url":"https://www.lappusa.com/","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"cree-xlamp","title":"Cree XLamp LED Thermal Management Application Note","url":"https://www.cree-led.com/","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"iec-60061-lampcaps","title":"IEC 60061 Lamp Caps and Holders — Gauges for Interchangeability (E26/E27/E14/GU10/MR16/G4/G9)","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"ada-a117.1","title":"ICC A117.1 / ADA Standards for Accessible Design — Grab Bars and Accessible Fixtures","url":"https://www.access-board.gov/ada/","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"iec-60364-7-701","title":"IEC 60364-7-701 Low-voltage electrical installations — Locations containing a bath or shower (zones 0/1/2)","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"en-1935","title":"EN 1935 Building hardware — Single-axis hinges — Requirements and test methods","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"astm-en-sheet-steel","title":"ASTM A1008 / EN 10130 Cold-Rolled Steel Sheet — Appliance Panel Gauge and Forming Practice","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"appliance-fascia-molding-guide","title":"Injection-Molded ABS/PP Appliance Fascia Panel Design Guide — wall thickness and stiffening rib practice","accessed":"2026-09-03"}],"entries":[{"id":"panel-steel-prepainted-gauge","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Pre-painted steel appliance panel gauge","summary":"Pre-painted (coil-coated) steel appliance panels run 0.6-0.8 mm thick; thinner oil-cans across a large flat span, thicker adds weight and press tonnage without a stiffness benefit at this size.","applies":["appliance panel","sheet metal","washing machine","dishwasher"],"value":{"min":0.6,"max":0.8,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common coil-coated steel gauge range for washing-machine/dishwasher/oven outer panels balancing oil-canning resistance against formability and cost","sources":["astm-en-sheet-steel"],"tags":["panel","steel","gauge"]},{"id":"panel-steel-stainless-gauge","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"304 stainless appliance panel gauge","summary":"A 304 stainless show panel (fridge door, range hood, oven fascia) runs 1.0 mm thick, thicker than painted steel because stainless has no paint film to hide print-through of the ribs behind it.","applies":["appliance panel","sheet metal","stainless","fridge","range hood"],"value":{"value":1,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Standard stainless show-panel gauge that resists oil-canning and rib print-through on an unpainted, reflective surface","sources":["astm-en-sheet-steel"],"tags":["panel","stainless","gauge"]},{"id":"panel-fascia-plastic-thickness","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Plastic appliance fascia panel thickness","summary":"A moulded ABS/PP appliance fascia (control panel, door liner) runs 2.5-3 mm nominal wall, thicker than a consumer-housing wall because it usually carries printed graphics and a control cluster's mounting bosses.","applies":["appliance panel","fascia","abs","pp","control panel"],"value":{"min":2.5,"max":3,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Appliance fascia panels run thicker than typical consumer-housing walls to stay flat under printed-graphic lamination and boss loads","sources":["appliance-fascia-molding-guide"],"tags":["panel","plastic","fascia"],"see":["consumer/wall-thickness-abs"]},{"id":"knob-dshaft-standard","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Control-knob D-shaft bore standards","summary":"A control knob bores for a 6 mm D-shaft with a 4.5 mm flat-to-flat dimension, or a 6.35 mm (1/4 in) round/D shaft on larger potentiometers; match the bore to the pot's published shaft spec, not the knob vendor's default.","applies":["knob","control knob","potentiometer","encoder"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"d-shaft-6mm","diameter":6,"flat":4.5},{"param":"shaft-quarter-inch","diameter":6.35}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common potentiometer/encoder D-shaft and 1/4in round-shaft dimensions used across appliance control knobs","sources":["bourns-knobs"],"tags":["knob","d-shaft","potentiometer"]},{"id":"knob-size-envelope","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Control-knob diameter and grip height","summary":"Size an appliance control knob 30-45 mm in outer diameter with a 15-25 mm grip height above the panel, enough for a wet or gloved hand to find and turn it without brushing the neighbouring control.","applies":["knob","control knob","oven","cooktop"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"diameter","min":30,"max":45},{"param":"grip-height","min":15,"max":25}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common appliance control-knob envelope balancing hand ergonomics, panel spacing and mould cost","sources":["bourns-knobs"],"tags":["knob","ergonomics","envelope"]},{"id":"switch-rocker-cutout","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Rocker switch panel cutout","summary":"The two common rocker-switch panel cutouts are 19.2 x 13 mm (mini rocker) and 30 x 22 mm (standard rocker); cut to the switch datasheet's own cutout tolerance, not a rounded number, since a rocker's bezel rarely has gasket compliance to hide a mismatch.","applies":["switch","rocker switch","appliance panel"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"mini-rocker","width":19.2,"height":13},{"param":"standard-rocker","width":30,"height":22}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Standard rocker-switch bezel cutout families used across household appliance panels","sources":["iec-60335-1"],"tags":["switch","rocker","cutout"]},{"id":"switch-pushbutton-cutout","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Push-button panel hole diameters","summary":"Panel-mount push buttons come in three common round cutouts, ⌀12, ⌀16 and ⌀19/22 mm; the ⌀22 mm size is also the standard emergency-stop and industrial pilot-light bezel, reused on heavier appliances.","applies":["switch","push button","appliance panel"],"value":{"options":[12,16,19,22],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Standard panel-mount push-button bezel diameter family shared across household and light-industrial control panels","sources":["iec-60335-1"],"tags":["switch","push-button","cutout"]},{"id":"hinge-euro-cup","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Concealed Euro hinge cup bore","summary":"A concealed (Euro-style) cabinet hinge bores a ⌀35 mm cup 12 mm deep into the door's back face; boring past 13 mm risks breaking through a typical 16-19 mm cabinet-door panel.","applies":["hinge","kitchen cabinet module","cabinet door"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"cup-diameter","value":35},{"param":"cup-depth","value":12}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Industry-standard concealed hinge cup bore size fitting the common 16-19 mm cabinet-door panel thickness","sources":["en-1935"],"tags":["hinge","euro-hinge","cabinet"]},{"id":"cable-gland-metric-hole","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Metric cable gland panel hole diameters","summary":"Drill a metric cable gland's panel hole to M12 -> 12.5 mm, M16 -> 16.5 mm, M20 -> 20.5 mm; the 0.5 mm over the nominal thread size is the gland's own clearance for the locknut to draw the gasket down without cross-threading in sheet metal.","applies":["cable gland","appliance panel","cord entry"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"m12","hole":12.5},{"param":"m16","hole":16.5},{"param":"m20","hole":20.5}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Manufacturer panel-hole recommendation for metric cable glands threading directly into sheet metal or a moulded boss","sources":["lapp-skintop"],"tags":["cable-gland","metric","panel-hole"]},{"id":"cord-iec-c14-cutout","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"IEC C14 inlet panel cutout","summary":"An IEC 60320 C14 appliance inlet (the standard 3-pin mains socket on the back of most appliances) needs a 27.5 x 19.8 mm rectangular panel cutout plus the moulded flange's own screw bosses either side.","applies":["cord","iec inlet","appliance panel","mains inlet"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"width","value":27.5},{"param":"height","value":19.8}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"EN/IEC 60320-1 C14 appliance-coupler panel cutout dimension","sources":["en-60320"],"tags":["cord","c14","inlet","cutout"]},{"id":"lampholder-e26-e27","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"E26/E27 Edison screw lamp holder envelope","summary":"An E27 (Europe) or E26 (North America) Edison-screw lamp holder has a ⌀26-27 mm threaded shell and a body/ring diameter around 40 mm; the two caps are close enough to interchange mechanically but not electrically rated the same in every market.","applies":["lamp holder","e27","e26","light fixture","luminaire"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"thread-diameter","min":26,"max":27},{"param":"ring-diameter","value":40}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"IEC 60061 Edison-screw cap/holder gauge for the E26/E27 family","sources":["iec-60061-lampcaps"],"tags":["lamp-holder","e27","e26","edison-screw"]},{"id":"lampholder-gu10-mr16","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"GU10 and MR16 lamp base envelope","summary":"A GU10 twist-lock base spaces its two pins 10 mm apart on centre; the MR16 reflector lamp it commonly pairs with (12 V, bi-pin base) is ⌀50 mm across the reflector face — size the fixture's reflector pocket to that, not the base.","applies":["lamp holder","gu10","mr16","light fixture","luminaire"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"gu10-pin-spacing","value":10},{"param":"mr16-diameter","value":50}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"IEC 60061 GU10 twist-lock pin gauge and the standard MR16 reflector lamp outer diameter","sources":["iec-60061-lampcaps"],"tags":["lamp-holder","gu10","mr16"]},{"id":"led-zhaga-les","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Zhaga Book 3 LED Light Engine Surface (LES) diameters","summary":"A Zhaga Book 3 LED module's light-emitting surface (LES) comes in four standard round diameters, 9, 13, 19 and 23 mm; pick the fixture's optic and heatsink pocket to whichever LES size the chosen module family publishes.","applies":["led module","lighting","luminaire","zhaga"],"value":{"options":[9,13,19,23],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Zhaga Book 3 interoperability specification for LED light engines with separate control gear","sources":["zhaga-book3"],"tags":["led","zhaga","les","module"]},{"id":"led-heatsink-thermal-budget","kind":"rule","tier":1,"title":"Natural-convection LED heatsink thermal budget","summary":"Budget 2-4 W of LED heat per 100 cm2 of natural-convection aluminium heatsink surface to hold the LED junction at or below 85 C; below that ratio the fixture needs forced air or a bigger fin area, not a better LED.","applies":["led heatsink","lighting","luminaire"],"value":{"min":2,"max":4,"unit":"W"},"basis":"Typical natural-convection aluminium heatsink dissipation density used to keep an LED's junction near its rated maximum","sources":["cree-xlamp"],"tags":["led","heatsink","thermal","junction-temp"]},{"id":"safety-touch-temperature-limit","kind":"rule","tier":1,"title":"Touchable-surface temperature limit (IEC 60335-1)","summary":"A user-touchable appliance surface must not exceed 60 C on metal or 70 C on plastic under normal operation, measured with a 12 mm-diameter articulated finger probe reaching every opening the probe can enter.","applies":["appliance","safety","enclosure","toaster","coffee machine"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"metal","value":60},{"param":"plastic","value":70}],"unit":"C"},"basis":"IEC 60335-1 accessible-surface temperature-rise limits and the standard finger-probe geometry used to define \"touchable\"","sources":["iec-60335-1"],"tags":["safety","temperature","finger-probe"]},{"id":"kitchen-module-dimensions","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Kitchen cabinet module coordinating sizes","summary":"European kitchen cabinetry coordinates on a 600 mm module width, 720 mm carcass height, 560 mm carcass depth, with a finished worktop height of 870-920 mm above the floor once plinth and countertop are added.","applies":["kitchen cabinet module","appliance","worktop"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"module-width","value":600},{"param":"carcass-height","value":720},{"param":"carcass-depth","value":560},{"param":"worktop-height","min":870,"max":920}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"EN 1116 coordinating dimensions for kitchen furniture and built-in appliances","sources":["en-1116"],"tags":["kitchen","module","cabinet","worktop"]},{"id":"appliance-niche-sizes","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Built-in appliance niche openings","summary":"Size a built-in oven niche 595 x 595 mm and a built-in dishwasher niche 600 x 850 mm (width x height) so the appliance's own trim frame can seal to the cabinetry without shimming.","applies":["kitchen cabinet module","oven","dishwasher","appliance niche"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"oven-niche","width":595,"height":595},{"param":"dishwasher-niche","width":600,"height":850}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"EN 1116 standard built-in appliance niche openings used across European kitchen cabinetry","sources":["en-1116"],"tags":["kitchen","niche","built-in","oven","dishwasher"]},{"id":"door-handle-backset","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Door handle backset and spindle size","summary":"A residential door lever/knob sets on a 60 or 70 mm backset (centre of the spindle to the door edge) with an 8 mm square spindle; mixing backsets between the lock and the handle is the most common field-fit failure on a hardware order.","applies":["door handle","home hardware","lever handle","knob"],"value":{"options":[60,70],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common residential door-hardware backset family and the standard 8 mm square follower spindle","sources":["bhma-a156"],"tags":["door-handle","backset","spindle"]},{"id":"appliance-feet-adjustable","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Adjustable appliance feet thread and load","summary":"Adjustable appliance feet thread on M8 or M10 studs and carry 80-150 kg each depending on foot diameter and material, enough for four feet to level and support a washing machine or a full oven under dynamic spin/door loads.","applies":["appliance feet","washing machine","oven","dishwasher"],"value":{"min":80,"max":150,"unit":"kg"},"basis":"Common adjustable-foot thread sizes and per-foot static/dynamic load rating for major household appliances","sources":["iec-60335-1"],"tags":["feet","leveling","load"]},{"id":"knob-detent-indexing","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Knob detent indexing steps","summary":"A stepped control knob (oven mode, fan speed) commonly indexes in 30 deg detents, giving 12 positions per full turn; finer detents crowd the printed legend ring beyond legible spacing.","applies":["knob","control knob","detent"],"value":{"value":30,"unit":"deg"},"basis":"Common detent spacing that keeps a printed position legend legible around a knob's circumference","sources":["bourns-knobs"],"tags":["knob","detent","indexing"]},{"id":"potentiometer-shaft-mount-type","kind":"feature","tier":2,"title":"Knob-to-shaft mounting: set-screw vs push-on","summary":"A set-screw knob clamps a grub screw onto the shaft's flat and tolerates a wider shaft-length variance; a push-on (friction-fit) knob relies on the D-flat's own interference and needs the shaft length held within about 0.5 mm to seat consistently.","applies":["knob","potentiometer","encoder","d-shaft"],"basis":"Set-screw and push-on are the two dominant knob-retention methods, trading assembly speed against shaft-length tolerance","sources":["bourns-knobs"],"tags":["knob","set-screw","push-on","mounting"]},{"id":"switch-ip67-boot","kind":"feature","tier":2,"title":"IP67 rubber boot over a panel switch","summary":"An IP67-rated rocker or push-button switch adds a moulded silicone boot sealing to the panel cutout's edge; budget an extra 1-2 mm of clearance around the mechanical cutout for the boot's own sealing lip versus a dry-location switch.","applies":["switch","ip67","wet area"],"value":{"min":1,"max":2,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"IP67 switch boots need lip clearance beyond the bare mechanical switch cutout to seat and seal without pinching","sources":["iec-60529"],"tags":["switch","ip67","sealing"]},{"id":"hinge-butt-screw-pattern","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Butt hinge screw hole pattern","summary":"A standard butt hinge leaf spaces its 2 screw holes at roughly 1/4 and 3/4 of the leaf length, sized for #6-#10 wood or sheet-metal screws depending on hinge size.","applies":["hinge","butt hinge","door"],"value":{"options":["#6","#8","#10"]},"basis":"Conventional butt-hinge leaf screw placement used across residential and appliance door hardware","sources":["en-1935"],"tags":["hinge","butt-hinge","screws"]},{"id":"hinge-piano-continuous","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Piano (continuous) hinge sizing","summary":"A piano hinge runs the full door/lid length with screw holes on a repeating 25-40 mm pitch, spreading the load continuously instead of at two or three butt-hinge points.","applies":["hinge","piano hinge","lid"],"value":{"min":25,"max":40,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Continuous-hinge screw pitch spreads a lid's load evenly along its full length instead of at discrete hinge points","sources":["en-1935"],"tags":["hinge","piano-hinge","lid"]},{"id":"latch-magnetic-catch-pull","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Magnetic catch and push-latch pull force","summary":"A cabinet magnetic catch or push-latch holds a door with 3-8 kg of pull; lighter than 3 kg lets a door drift open under vibration, heavier than 8 kg becomes hard to open one-handed and stresses a light door panel's own fixing screws.","applies":["latch","magnetic catch","push latch","cabinet door"],"value":{"min":3,"max":8,"unit":"kg"},"basis":"Common cabinet-hardware catch pull-force range balancing door retention against one-handed opening effort","sources":["bhma-a156"],"tags":["latch","magnetic-catch","pull-force"]},{"id":"oven-door-hinge-load","kind":"rule","tier":2,"title":"Oven door hinge spring and cycle load","summary":"Size an oven door's spring-loaded hinge for the door's full open-weight moment plus a rated 30,000-100,000 open/close cycle life; a hinge sized only for static hold sags and the door stops self-closing well before the appliance's own warranty period ends.","applies":["hinge","oven","oven door"],"value":{"min":30000,"max":100000,"unit":"cycles"},"basis":"Oven door hinges see far more duty cycles over an appliance's life than a cabinet hinge and must hold spring tension across that whole life","sources":["iec-60335-1"],"tags":["hinge","oven-door","cycle-life"]},{"id":"cable-gland-pg-thread","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"PG-thread cable gland panel hole diameters","summary":"Legacy PG-thread cable glands drill to PG9 -> 15.2 mm and PG11 -> 18.6 mm; PG threads are still common on older appliance and control-panel designs even though metric (M12/M16/M20) is now the preferred new-design thread.","applies":["cable gland","pg thread","appliance panel"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"pg9","hole":15.2},{"param":"pg11","hole":18.6}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Manufacturer panel-hole recommendation for legacy PG-thread cable glands","sources":["lapp-skintop"],"tags":["cable-gland","pg-thread","panel-hole"]},{"id":"strain-relief-bushing-cord","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Strain-relief bushing for appliance cord","summary":"A snap-in strain-relief bushing for a 6-8 mm mains cord needs a 10-12 mm panel hole; too tight and the bushing can't compress to grip the cord jacket, too loose and it spins instead of relieving strain at the entry point.","applies":["cord","strain relief","appliance panel"],"value":{"min":10,"max":12,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common snap-bushing panel-hole sizing for a 6-8 mm round mains cord jacket","sources":["iec-60335-1"],"tags":["cord","strain-relief","bushing"]},{"id":"cord-c8-figure8-cutout","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"IEC C8 figure-8 inlet cutout","summary":"A double-insulated appliance (no earth pin) uses the smaller IEC 60320 C8 \"figure-8\" inlet, a 19.4 x 10 mm panel cutout narrower than the earthed C14's since it carries only two flat-blade contacts.","applies":["cord","iec inlet","c8","appliance panel"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"width","value":19.4},{"param":"height","value":10}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"EN/IEC 60320-1 C8 appliance-coupler geometry for double-insulated (Class II) appliances","sources":["en-60320"],"tags":["cord","c8","figure-8","inlet"]},{"id":"lampholder-e14","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"E14 small Edison screw lamp holder","summary":"The E14 \"small Edison screw\" lamp holder threads at ⌀14 mm, used on candelabra-style fixtures and small appliance lamps (oven lamp, fridge lamp) where an E27's ⌀27 mm shell would be oversized.","applies":["lamp holder","e14","oven lamp","fridge lamp"],"value":{"value":14,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"IEC 60061 E14 small-Edison-screw cap/holder gauge","sources":["iec-60061-lampcaps"],"tags":["lamp-holder","e14"]},{"id":"lampshade-fitter-sizes","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Lampshade fitter types and sizes","summary":"The three lampshade fitters are the E27 ring (40 mm, screws onto the holder), the UNO fitter (28 mm, clamps over the bulb) and the spider/harp fitter (1-1/8 in centre hole on a 200-250 mm harp).","applies":["lampshade","light fixture","luminaire"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"e27-ring","value":40},{"param":"uno-fitter","value":28},{"param":"spider-center-hole","value":28.575,"note":"1-1/8 in"}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Standard lampshade fitter families and the harp height that coordinates with them","sources":["iec-60061-lampcaps"],"tags":["lampshade","fitter","e27","uno","spider","harp"]},{"id":"led-cob-footprint","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"COB LED array footprint diameters","summary":"Chip-on-board (COB) LED arrays come in two very common round footprints, ⌀13.5 mm and ⌀19 mm, driving the heatsink's central pocket and the reflector/optic's entry aperture in a downlight or spotlight.","applies":["led module","cob","lighting","luminaire"],"value":{"options":[13.5,19],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common commercial COB LED array footprint sizes used across downlight and spotlight fixture families","sources":["cree-xlamp"],"tags":["led","cob","footprint"]},{"id":"led-strip-width","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"LED strip (2835/5050) PCB widths","summary":"Flexible LED strips built on 2835 or 5050 packages come on 8, 10 or 12 mm wide PCBs; size the fixture's channel/extrusion groove to whichever width the chosen strip's datasheet gives, plus 0.2-0.3 mm slide clearance.","applies":["led strip","lighting","led module"],"value":{"options":[8,10,12],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common flexible LED strip PCB widths for 2835 and 5050 package families","sources":["cree-xlamp"],"tags":["led","strip","2835","5050"]},{"id":"led-module-bolt-circle","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"LED module mounting bolt circles","summary":"Round LED light-engine modules commonly mount on a 26, 35 or 50 mm bolt circle depending on module size; match the heatsink's tapped-hole pattern to the module family before committing to a fin layout.","applies":["led module","lighting","heatsink","mounting"],"value":{"options":[26,35,50],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common round LED module mounting bolt-circle families that heatsink and driver housings are designed around","sources":["zhaga-book3"],"tags":["led","module","bolt-circle","mounting"]},{"id":"heatsink-fin-geometry","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"LED heatsink fin spacing and thermal pad","summary":"Space extruded or die-cast LED heatsink fins 6-8 mm apart for natural convection (tighter starves airflow between fins) and use a 0.5 mm thermal interface pad between the LED module and the heatsink to fill microscopic air gaps without adding significant thermal resistance.","applies":["led heatsink","lighting","thermal"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"fin-spacing","min":6,"max":8},{"param":"thermal-pad","value":0.5}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Natural-convection fin spacing floor before boundary layers from adjacent fins interfere, and common TIM pad thickness","sources":["cree-xlamp"],"tags":["heatsink","fin","thermal-pad"]},{"id":"diffuser-lens-thickness","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Diffuser/lens thickness and transmission","summary":"A clear PMMA diffuser lens runs 2 mm thick at about 90% light transmission; an opal (frosted) polycarbonate diffuser runs 1.5-2 mm, trading a little transmission for even light spread that hides individual LED hot spots.","applies":["diffuser","lens","lighting","luminaire"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"pmma-clear","thickness":2,"transmission":90},{"param":"opal-pc","min":1.5,"max":2}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common diffuser material and thickness combinations balancing optical transmission against hot-spot hiding and moulding cost","sources":["iec-60598-1"],"tags":["diffuser","lens","pmma","polycarbonate"]},{"id":"ip-bathroom-zones","kind":"rule","tier":2,"title":"Bathroom IP zone requirements for fixtures","summary":"A bathroom light or appliance in Zone 0 (inside the bath/shower basin) needs IPX7, Zone 1 (above the basin to 2.25 m) needs IPX4, and Zone 2 (600 mm beyond Zone 1) also needs IPX4; outside Zone 2 a dry-rated fixture is acceptable.","applies":["bathroom hardware","light fixture","luminaire","ip rating"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"zone-0","value":"IPX7"},{"param":"zone-1","value":"IPX4"},{"param":"zone-2","value":"IPX4"}]},"basis":"IEC 60364-7-701 zoning for locations containing a bath or shower and the minimum IP rating each zone requires","sources":["iec-60364-7-701","iec-60529"],"tags":["ip-rating","bathroom","zones"]},{"id":"ip-kitchen-minimum","kind":"rule","tier":2,"title":"Kitchen appliance minimum IP rating","summary":"A kitchen appliance not directly over a sink or hob typically only needs IP20 (finger-touch and basic dust protection); an appliance mounted directly above a sink, hob or dishwasher steam path should step up to at least IP44 for splash resistance.","applies":["kitchen appliance","ip rating","enclosure"],"value":{"min":20,"unit":"count","note":"IP20 baseline; IP44+ over a sink/hob/steam source"},"basis":"IEC 60529 IP-code baseline for a dry-location kitchen appliance versus one exposed to splash","sources":["iec-60529"],"tags":["ip-rating","kitchen","splash"]},{"id":"drawer-runner-length","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Kitchen drawer runner lengths","summary":"Kitchen drawer runners come in 450 mm and 500 mm common lengths, sized to the 560 mm standard cabinet depth minus front/rear clearance; picking a runner longer than the carcass depth allows is the most common kitchen-fitting mistake.","applies":["kitchen cabinet module","drawer"],"value":{"options":[450,500],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common drawer-runner lengths coordinated to the EN 1116 560 mm standard cabinet depth","sources":["en-1116"],"tags":["kitchen","drawer","runner"]},{"id":"towel-rail-length","kind":"dimension","tier":3,"title":"Bathroom towel rail lengths","summary":"Wall-mounted bathroom towel rails come in 600 mm and 800 mm common lengths between fixing centres; fix into a stud or use the rail's specified wall anchor, since a loaded wet towel plus a user leaning on the rail is a real pull load, not a light one.","applies":["towel rail","bathroom hardware"],"value":{"options":[600,800],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common wall-mounted towel rail length family for residential bathrooms","sources":["bhma-a156"],"tags":["towel-rail","bathroom","length"]},{"id":"bathroom-fixing-screws","kind":"fastener","tier":3,"title":"Bathroom hardware wall fixing screws","summary":"Fix bathroom hardware (towel rails, grab bars, robe hooks) with M4 or M5 screws into the wall anchor the fixture's own bracket specifies; a grab bar in particular must fix into the anchor rated for its full load, not just the screw's own shear strength.","applies":["bathroom hardware","towel rail","grab bar"],"value":{"options":["M4","M5"]},"basis":"Common wall-fixing screw sizes for bathroom accessory brackets, sized to the anchor rather than the fixture alone","sources":["bhma-a156"],"tags":["fastener","bathroom","wall-fixing"]},{"id":"grab-bar-dimension-load","kind":"dimension","tier":3,"title":"Accessible grab bar length and load rating","summary":"An ADA-compliant grab bar runs 300-600 mm long and must sustain a 150 kg (roughly 250 lbf) applied load without failure or perceptible movement at its wall fixing, since a user's full body weight can load it suddenly.","applies":["bathroom hardware","grab bar","accessibility"],"value":{"min":300,"max":600,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"ICC A117.1 / ADA grab bar length range and structural load requirement for accessible bathroom fixtures","sources":["ada-a117.1"],"tags":["grab-bar","accessibility","load"]},{"id":"faucet-mounting-hole","kind":"dimension","tier":3,"title":"Faucet deck mounting hole diameter","summary":"A standard single-hole kitchen or bathroom faucet mounts through a ⌀35 mm deck hole; widen for a widespread faucet's separate handle holes per that faucet's own template rather than this single-hole number.","applies":["faucet","bathroom hardware","kitchen"],"value":{"value":35,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common single-hole faucet deck mounting diameter used across residential kitchen and bathroom fixtures","sources":["bhma-a156"],"tags":["faucet","mounting-hole","deck"]},{"id":"door-lever-length-grade","kind":"dimension","tier":3,"title":"Door lever length and ANSI/BHMA grade","summary":"A residential door lever handle runs 120-140 mm from the rose to the lever tip and is graded 1 (heaviest duty), 2 or 3 under ANSI/BHMA A156.2; grade drives cycle-life testing, not geometry, so two levers of the same length can carry very different durability ratings.","applies":["door handle","home hardware","lever handle"],"value":{"min":120,"max":140,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common residential lever-handle length range and the ANSI/BHMA grading system used to rate its durability","sources":["bhma-a156"],"tags":["door-handle","lever","ansi-grade"]},{"id":"gasket-fridge-magnetic","kind":"feature","tier":3,"title":"Refrigerator magnetic door gasket","summary":"A fridge/freezer door gasket embeds a continuous magnetic strip in a PVC/TPE bellows profile, typically 15-20 mm wide, sealing to the cabinet's steel flange by magnetic attraction down to -20 C freezer temperatures.","applies":["gasket","fridge","coffee machine"],"value":{"min":15,"max":20,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Standard refrigerator door-seal construction relying on an embedded magnetic strip rather than a mechanical catch","sources":["iec-60335-1"],"tags":["gasket","fridge","magnetic-seal"]},{"id":"panel-stiffening-ribs-hems","kind":"feature","tier":3,"title":"Sheet-metal panel stiffening ribs and edge hems","summary":"Stiffen a large flat pre-painted steel panel with pressed ribs (a shallow bead pattern) rather than added thickness, and hem every exposed cut edge (fold the edge back on itself, typically 1.5-2x material thickness) to remove the sharp edge a bare shear leaves.","applies":["appliance panel","sheet metal","safety"],"basis":"Pressed ribs add bending stiffness without added gauge cost, and a hemmed edge removes the sharp-edge hazard a sheared edge leaves for handling and assembly","sources":["astm-en-sheet-steel","iec-60335-1"],"tags":["panel","rib","hem","sheet-metal"]},{"id":"test-ball-pressure","kind":"test","tier":2,"title":"Ball-pressure test (IEC 60335-1)","summary":"Press a 5 mm steel ball into a load-bearing plastic part at 75 C (general parts) or 125 C (parts near a heat source) for 1 hour; the indentation must stay under 2 mm, screening out a resin that would soften and creep in normal service heat.","applies":["appliance","test","plastic","heat resistance"],"value":{"options":[75,125],"unit":"C"},"basis":"IEC 60335-1 ball-pressure test for resistance to heat of insulating and structural material","sources":["iec-60335-1"],"tags":["test","ball-pressure","heat"]},{"id":"test-glow-wire","kind":"test","tier":2,"title":"Glow-wire flammability test (IEC 60335-1)","summary":"Apply a glowing wire at 650, 750 or 850 C, rising with proximity to live parts; the part must self-extinguish within 30 s and not ignite surrounding tissue paper, so avoid a thin unsupported web near heat-generating parts.","applies":["appliance","test","plastic","flammability"],"value":{"options":[650,750,850],"unit":"C"},"basis":"IEC 60335-1 glow-wire test severity selection by the part's proximity to live parts and ignition risk","sources":["iec-60335-1"],"tags":["test","glow-wire","flammability"]},{"id":"test-drop-cord-appliance","kind":"test","tier":2,"title":"Cord-connected appliance drop test","summary":"Drop a cord-connected handheld or countertop appliance 1000 mm onto a hard surface in its most likely orientations; a pass means no exposed live part, no cracked enclosure at a boss or hinge, and the cord's strain relief still grips after impact.","applies":["appliance","test","drop test","toaster","coffee machine"],"value":{"value":1000,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"IEC 60335-1 rough-handling drop test for a cord-connected household appliance","sources":["iec-60335-1"],"tags":["test","drop","cord-connected"]},{"id":"test-hinge-door-cycle","kind":"test","tier":2,"title":"Hinge/door cycle-life test","summary":"Cycle an appliance door or cabinet hinge 30,000-100,000 times; passing means hinge spring tension, door seal compression and latch engagement all stay within spec at the end of the run, not just that nothing broke.","applies":["hinge","test","oven","cabinet door"],"value":{"min":30000,"max":100000,"unit":"cycles"},"basis":"Common appliance and cabinet hinge/door durability cycle-count target across the product's rated life","sources":["iec-60335-1","en-1935"],"tags":["test","hinge","cycle-life"]},{"id":"test-knob-torque","kind":"test","tier":2,"title":"Control knob torque test","summary":"Apply 1.5 Nm of torque to a control knob repeatedly (turning and, separately, a static overload check) without the knob slipping on its shaft, cracking at the D-flat, or the panel's own switch/pot bearing taking permanent damage.","applies":["knob","test","control knob"],"value":{"value":1.5,"unit":"Nm"},"basis":"Common control-knob torque test level exceeding normal hand-operated turning force with margin","sources":["bourns-knobs"],"tags":["test","knob","torque"]},{"id":"test-luminaire-thermal-endurance","kind":"test","tier":2,"title":"Luminaire thermal and 1 h endurance test (IEC 60598-1)","summary":"Run a luminaire at rated voltage until temperatures stabilise, then hold for a further 1 hour; every measured point (LED junction proxy, driver, wiring, accessible surfaces) must stay under its rated limit for the full hour.","applies":["light fixture","luminaire","test"],"value":{"value":1,"unit":"h"},"basis":"IEC 60598-1 thermal test and its 1-hour endurance hold after temperature stabilisation","sources":["iec-60598-1"],"tags":["test","luminaire","thermal","endurance"]},{"id":"test-ik-impact-rating","kind":"test","tier":3,"title":"IK impact-resistance rating for enclosures","summary":"The IK code (IK00-IK10) rates impact resistance from IK07 (2 J, a light diffuser) to IK10 (20 J, vandal/sports-hall exposure); pick the IK target from the fixture's install location before sizing wall thickness and ribs.","applies":["light fixture","luminaire","enclosure","test"],"value":{"options":[7,10],"unit":"count","note":"IK07 = 2J, IK10 = 20J"},"basis":"IEC 62262 IK impact-energy classification referenced by IEC 60598-1 for luminaire enclosures","sources":["iec-60598-1"],"tags":["test","ik-rating","impact"]},{"id":"standard-iec-60335-1","kind":"standard","tier":2,"title":"IEC/UL 60335-1 — household appliance safety","summary":"IEC 60335-1 (harmonised in North America as UL 60335-1) is the general safety standard for household and similar electrical appliances, covering touchable-surface temperature, ball-pressure and glow-wire material tests, mechanical strength and the drop/cord tests this pack cites.","applies":["appliance","safety","standard"],"basis":"Governing general safety standard for household electrical appliances, with sector-specific Part 2 standards layered on top","sources":["iec-60335-1"],"tags":["standard","iec60335","safety"]},{"id":"standard-iec-60598-1","kind":"standard","tier":2,"title":"IEC 60598-1 — luminaire general requirements","summary":"IEC 60598-1 sets general safety and performance requirements for luminaires, including the thermal endurance test, creepage/clearance around live parts, and the mechanical strength an IK impact rating references.","applies":["light fixture","luminaire","standard"],"basis":"Governing general standard for luminaire safety and performance that sector-specific luminaire standards build on","sources":["iec-60598-1"],"tags":["standard","iec60598","luminaire"]},{"id":"standard-en-60320-c14","kind":"standard","tier":3,"title":"EN/IEC 60320 — appliance couplers (C14/C8)","summary":"EN/IEC 60320 standardises non-detachable and detachable appliance couplers, including the C13/C14 and C7/C8 (figure-8) families this pack's cord entries cite, so a cord set and an appliance inlet from different vendors still mate correctly.","applies":["cord","iec inlet","standard"],"basis":"Governing standard for interchangeable appliance coupler geometry across manufacturers","sources":["en-60320"],"tags":["standard","en60320","coupler"]},{"id":"standard-zhaga-book3","kind":"standard","tier":3,"title":"Zhaga Book 3 — LED light engine interoperability","summary":"Zhaga Book 3 defines the mechanical, photometric and electrical interface for an LED light engine with separate control gear, including the LES diameter families this pack cites, so fixtures and modules from different manufacturers remain interchangeable.","applies":["led module","lighting","standard"],"basis":"Industry interoperability specification for replaceable LED light engines","sources":["zhaga-book3"],"tags":["standard","zhaga","led"]},{"id":"standard-bhma-a156","kind":"standard","tier":3,"title":"ANSI/BHMA A156 series — builders hardware","summary":"The ANSI/BHMA A156 series covers door and cabinet hardware — hinges, latches, locks, exit devices — with individual parts (A156.2 locks/levers, A156.9 cabinet hardware) grading products by cycle life and force, which this pack's door-handle and latch entries reference.","applies":["door handle","hinge","latch","standard"],"basis":"Governing US builders-hardware standard family grading residential and commercial hardware by durability and force","sources":["bhma-a156"],"tags":["standard","bhma","hardware"]},{"id":"standard-iec-60529","kind":"standard","tier":2,"title":"IEC 60529 — degrees of protection (IP code)","summary":"IEC 60529 defines the IP code's two digits (solid-object/dust ingress, then liquid ingress) that this pack's kitchen and bathroom IP-rating entries reference, plus the IPX suffix used when only the liquid digit is tested.","applies":["ip rating","enclosure","standard"],"basis":"Governing international standard defining the IP ingress-protection classification system","sources":["iec-60529"],"tags":["standard","iec60529","ip-rating"]},{"id":"standard-en-1116","kind":"standard","tier":3,"title":"EN 1116 — kitchen furniture coordinating sizes","summary":"EN 1116 sets coordinating dimensions between kitchen furniture and built-in appliances — the 600 mm module, carcass height/depth and niche openings this pack's kitchen entries cite — so cabinetry and appliances still fit together.","applies":["kitchen cabinet module","appliance niche","standard"],"basis":"Governing European standard for kitchen furniture/appliance dimensional coordination","sources":["en-1116"],"tags":["standard","en1116","kitchen"]},{"id":"material-prepainted-steel","kind":"material","tier":2,"title":"Pre-painted (coil-coated) steel for appliance panels","summary":"Pre-painted steel (~7.85 g/cm3) is the default appliance-panel material: a polyester or PVDF coil coating is applied before forming, so the panel's finish survives the press brake and punch operations that would crack a post-painted part's coating.","applies":["appliance panel","material","steel"],"value":{"value":7.85,"unit":"g/cm3"},"basis":"Standard low-carbon steel density; coil-coating-before-forming is what distinguishes an appliance-panel steel spec from a raw structural sheet","sources":["astm-en-sheet-steel"],"tags":["material","steel","coil-coated"]},{"id":"material-304-stainless","kind":"material","tier":2,"title":"304 stainless steel for show panels","summary":"304 stainless (~8.0 g/cm3) is the default show-panel grade for fridge doors, range hoods and control fascias, chosen for corrosion resistance and appearance rather than strength; a brushed (No. 4) finish also hides handling marks better than a mirror polish.","applies":["appliance panel","material","stainless"],"value":{"value":8,"unit":"g/cm3"},"basis":"Standard austenitic 304 stainless steel datasheet density and its common use as an appliance show-surface grade","sources":["astm-en-sheet-steel"],"tags":["material","stainless","304"]},{"id":"material-abs-pp-pc-housing","kind":"material","tier":2,"title":"ABS/PP/PC for appliance housings and fascias","summary":"ABS (~1.05 g/cm3), PP (~0.905 g/cm3) and PC (~1.2 g/cm3) cover most moulded appliance fascias and control-panel housings, chosen respectively for cosmetic finish, chemical/fatigue resistance near a hinge or latch, and impact/heat resistance near a heat source.","applies":["appliance panel","material","housing"],"value":{"table":[{"material":"abs","density":1.05},{"material":"pp","density":0.905},{"material":"pc","density":1.2}],"unit":"g/cm3"},"basis":"Standard resin datasheet densities for the three plastics most commonly specified across appliance housings and fascias","sources":["appliance-fascia-molding-guide"],"tags":["material","abs","pp","pc"]},{"id":"material-pbt-knob","kind":"material","tier":2,"title":"PBT for control knobs and switch bodies","summary":"PBT (polybutylene terephthalate, ~1.3 g/cm3) is a common control-knob and switch-body resin for its dimensional stability, low creep under a set-screw's clamping load, and good resistance to household chemicals a knob gets wiped with.","applies":["knob","material","switch"],"value":{"value":1.3,"unit":"g/cm3"},"basis":"Standard PBT resin datasheet density and its common selection for control knobs that must hold a set-screw's clamp load without creeping","sources":["bourns-knobs"],"tags":["material","pbt","knob"]},{"id":"material-ceramic-lampholder","kind":"material","tier":3,"title":"Ceramic for high-temperature lamp holders","summary":"A ceramic (steatite) lamp-holder body, roughly 2.6-2.7 g/cm3, is specified wherever the holder sits close enough to the lamp to see sustained high temperature — halogen and some high-wattage fixtures — since thermoplastic holders soften or discolour at those temperatures.","applies":["lamp holder","material","high-temperature"],"value":{"min":2.6,"max":2.7,"unit":"g/cm3"},"basis":"Standard steatite ceramic datasheet density and its use where a lamp holder must survive sustained high operating temperature","sources":["iec-60061-lampcaps"],"tags":["material","ceramic","lamp-holder"]},{"id":"material-6063-heatsink-extrusion","kind":"material","tier":2,"title":"6063 aluminium for extruded LED heatsinks","summary":"6063-T5 aluminium (~2.7 g/cm3) is the default extruded LED heatsink alloy for its good extrudability into fine fin sections and adequate thermal conductivity (~200 W/mK), trading some conductivity versus pure aluminium for a fin geometry that would tear in a harder alloy.","applies":["led heatsink","material","aluminium"],"value":{"value":2.7,"unit":"g/cm3"},"basis":"Standard 6063-T5 extrusion alloy datasheet density and its common use for fine-pitch extruded heatsink fins","sources":["cree-xlamp"],"tags":["material","aluminium","6063","extrusion"]},{"id":"material-pmma-opal-pc","kind":"material","tier":2,"title":"PMMA and opal PC for diffuser lenses","summary":"Clear PMMA (~1.18 g/cm3) gives the highest transmission for a diffuser lens; opal polycarbonate (~1.2 g/cm3) trades some transmission for better impact resistance, preferred where the lens is also the outer impact-rated surface.","applies":["diffuser","lens","material","luminaire"],"value":{"table":[{"material":"pmma","density":1.18},{"material":"opal-pc","density":1.2}],"unit":"g/cm3"},"basis":"Standard resin datasheet densities for the two dominant luminaire diffuser/lens materials","sources":["iec-60598-1"],"tags":["material","pmma","polycarbonate","diffuser"]},{"id":"recipe-control-knob-dshaft","kind":"recipe","tier":2,"title":"Recipe: control knob with D-shaft bore and pointer","summary":"Build a ⌀35 x 20 mm control knob: an R2 mm fillet on the top rim, a ⌀6 mm D-shaft bore with a 4.5 mm flat cut via a subtracted box, and a small pointer notch on the outer rim near the top.","applies":["knob","control knob"],"basis":"Combines knob-size-envelope and knob-dshaft-standard into one buildable knob with a working D-shaft bore and position pointer","sources":["bourns-knobs"],"tags":["recipe","knob","d-shaft"],"recipe":{"prompt":"Model a 35mm diameter, 20mm tall control knob with a 6mm D-shaft bore (4.5mm flat), an R2mm rounded top rim, and a small pointer notch on the outer edge","steps":[{"tool":"cad_cylinder","args":{"r":17.5,"h":20},"note":"knob body, 35mm diameter x 20mm tall"},{"tool":"cad_fillet_edges","args":{"of":"$0","radius":2},"note":"round the top rim"},{"tool":"cad_cylinder","args":{"r":3,"h":22,"origin":[0,0,-1]},"note":"6mm diameter bore tool, through with 1mm overshoot each end"},{"tool":"cad_boolean_subtract","args":{"of":"$1","tool":"$2"},"note":"cut the round D-shaft bore"},{"tool":"cad_box","args":{"dx":8,"dy":2,"dz":22,"origin":[-4,1.5,-1]},"note":"flat-cut tool trimming the bore from y=1.5 to y=3.5, giving a 4.5mm flat-to-flat D-shaft"},{"tool":"cad_boolean_subtract","args":{"of":"$3","tool":"$4"},"note":"cut the D-shaft flat"},{"tool":"cad_box","args":{"dx":2,"dy":4,"dz":3,"origin":[16.5,-2,17]},"note":"pointer notch tool on the outer rim near the top"},{"tool":"cad_boolean_subtract","args":{"of":"$5","tool":"$6"},"note":"cut the pointer indicator notch"}],"expect":{"volume":18237.29,"faceCount":17,"watertight":true,"note":"measured 2026-09-19: representation change, not geometry: pinned while the boolean published a TESSELLATED B-rep (one planar face per triangle) and it now publishes an analytic one — faceCount 3562 -> 17 while the volume moved 0.053%. Same cause CADSF-1604 established on the pendant and the servo bracket"}}},{"id":"recipe-lampshade-e27-collar","kind":"recipe","tier":2,"title":"Recipe: lampshade with E27 collar","summary":"Build a 180 mm base / 80 mm top, 150 mm tall frustum lampshade shelled to a 1.5 mm wall open at the bottom, with a ⌀40 mm E27 collar ring unioned onto the closed top for the lamp holder fitter.","applies":["lampshade","light fixture","luminaire"],"basis":"Combines lampshade-fitter-sizes' E27 ring diameter with a shelled frustum shade shape into one buildable shade with a working fitter collar","sources":["iec-60061-lampcaps"],"tags":["recipe","lampshade","e27"],"recipe":{"prompt":"Model a tapered lampshade, 180mm diameter at the base narrowing to 80mm at the top, 150mm tall, 1.5mm shell wall open at the bottom, with a 40mm diameter E27 collar ring on the closed top","steps":[{"tool":"cad_frustum","args":{"r0":90,"r1":40,"h":150},"note":"lampshade cone, 180mm base diameter tapering to 80mm at the top"},{"tool":"cad_shell","args":{"of":"$0","thickness":1.5,"open":[{"normal":[0,0,-1]}]},"note":"1.5mm wall, open bottom only, top stays a closed planar cap for the collar to land on"},{"tool":"cad_cylinder","args":{"r":20,"h":17,"origin":[0,0,148]},"note":"40mm diameter E27 fitter collar, embedded 2mm into the shade's top cap so it pierces a planar face"},{"tool":"cad_boolean_union","args":{"of":"$1","tool":"$2"},"note":"union the collar onto the shade's top cap"}],"expect":{"volume":122208.46,"faceCount":13,"watertight":true,"note":"measured 2026-09-19: representation change, not geometry: pinned while the boolean published a TESSELLATED B-rep (one planar face per triangle) and it now publishes an analytic one — faceCount 649 -> 13, volume +0.139%, and the PINNED volume is the SMALLER one: the chord deficit of a faceted collar, which is the tessellation signature"}}},{"id":"recipe-led-heatsink-puck","kind":"recipe","tier":2,"title":"Recipe: LED heatsink puck with 3 mounting holes","summary":"Build a ⌀50 x 10 mm heatsink puck with four radial fins unioned onto the top face and three ⌀3.4 mm mounting holes on a 35 mm bolt circle.","applies":["led heatsink","lighting"],"basis":"Combines heatsink-fin-geometry and led-module-bolt-circle into one buildable heatsink puck with working fins and a mounting bolt circle","sources":["cree-xlamp"],"tags":["recipe","heatsink","led"],"recipe":{"prompt":"Model a 50mm diameter, 10mm thick LED heatsink puck with four radial fins on top and three M3 mounting holes on a 35mm bolt circle","steps":[{"tool":"cad_cylinder","args":{"r":25,"h":10},"note":"heatsink puck body, 50mm diameter x 10mm thick"},{"tool":"cad_box","args":{"dx":18,"dy":2,"dz":6,"origin":[5,-1,9]},"note":"fin 1, radiating +X, 1mm embedded into the puck top for a solid union"},{"tool":"cad_boolean_union","args":{"of":"$0","tool":"$1"},"note":"union fin 1"},{"tool":"cad_box","args":{"dx":2,"dy":18,"dz":6,"origin":[-1,5,9]},"note":"fin 2, radiating +Y"},{"tool":"cad_boolean_union","args":{"of":"$2","tool":"$3"},"note":"union fin 2"},{"tool":"cad_box","args":{"dx":18,"dy":2,"dz":6,"origin":[-23,-1,9]},"note":"fin 3, radiating -X"},{"tool":"cad_boolean_union","args":{"of":"$4","tool":"$5"},"note":"union fin 3"},{"tool":"cad_box","args":{"dx":2,"dy":18,"dz":6,"origin":[-1,-23,9]},"note":"fin 4, radiating -Y"},{"tool":"cad_boolean_union","args":{"of":"$6","tool":"$7"},"note":"union fin 4"},{"tool":"cad_hole_pattern","args":{"of":"$8","type":"drill","diameter":3.4,"pattern":{"kind":"circular","center":[0,0],"radius":17.5,"count":3}},"note":"3x M3 clearance holes on the 35mm bolt circle"}],"expect":{"volume":20050.66,"faceCount":41,"watertight":true,"note":"measured 2026-09-19: representation change, not geometry: pinned while the boolean published a TESSELLATED B-rep (one planar face per triangle) and it now publishes an analytic one — faceCount 299 -> 41, volume +0.150%, pinned smaller (chord deficit of the faceted fins)"}}}]}