{"$schema":"nativecad-dfm-pack/1","id":"appliances","title":"Appliances — panels, knobs, switches, hinges, lamps and kitchen/bath hardware","sector":"appliances","version":"2026-09-03","summary":"Sheet-metal and plastic panel gauges, control knobs and switches, hinges/latches, cable glands and cords, lamp holders/LED modules/heatsinks, kitchen and bathroom hardware coordinating sizes, and the IEC 60335/60598 safety tests an appliance or luminaire is held to.","aliases":["appliance","kitchen appliance","lamp","lighting","light fixture","luminaire","led bulb","lampshade","control knob","appliance panel","hinge","latch","kitchen cabinet module","bathroom hardware","towel rail","faucet","home hardware","door handle","coffee machine","toaster"],"crossSector":false,"size":"standard","sources":[{"id":"iec-60335-1","title":"IEC 60335-1 Household and similar electrical appliances — Safety — Part 1: General requirements","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"iec-60598-1","title":"IEC 60598-1 Luminaires — Part 1: General requirements and tests","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"en-60320","title":"EN 60320-1 / IEC 60320-1 Appliance couplers for household and similar general purposes (C14, C8)","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"zhaga-book3","title":"Zhaga Book 3 — LED Light Engine with Separate Control Gear (LES interface specification)","url":"https://www.zhagastandard.org/","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"bhma-a156","title":"ANSI/BHMA A156 series — Builders Hardware Standards (hinges, latches, locks, exit devices)","url":"https://www.buildershardware.com/ansi-bhma-standards","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"iec-60529","title":"IEC 60529 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"en-1116","title":"EN 1116 Kitchen furniture — Coordinating sizes for kitchen furniture and kitchen appliances","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"bourns-knobs","title":"Bourns Potentiometer Knob and D-Shaft Dimension Guide","url":"https://www.bourns.com/","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"lapp-skintop","title":"Lapp SKINTOP Cable Gland Metric and PG-Thread Dimension Guide","url":"https://www.lappusa.com/","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"cree-xlamp","title":"Cree XLamp LED Thermal Management Application Note","url":"https://www.cree-led.com/","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"iec-60061-lampcaps","title":"IEC 60061 Lamp Caps and Holders — Gauges for Interchangeability (E26/E27/E14/GU10/MR16/G4/G9)","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"iec-60364-7-701","title":"IEC 60364-7-701 Low-voltage electrical installations — Locations containing a bath or shower (zones 0/1/2)","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"en-1935","title":"EN 1935 Building hardware — Single-axis hinges — Requirements and test methods","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"astm-en-sheet-steel","title":"ASTM A1008 / EN 10130 Cold-Rolled Steel Sheet — Appliance Panel Gauge and Forming Practice","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"appliance-fascia-molding-guide","title":"Injection-Molded ABS/PP Appliance Fascia Panel Design Guide — wall thickness and stiffening rib practice","accessed":"2026-09-03"}],"entries":[{"id":"panel-steel-prepainted-gauge","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Pre-painted steel appliance panel gauge","summary":"Pre-painted (coil-coated) steel appliance panels run 0.6-0.8 mm thick; thinner oil-cans across a large flat span, thicker adds weight and press tonnage without a stiffness benefit at this size.","applies":["appliance panel","sheet metal","washing machine","dishwasher"],"value":{"min":0.6,"max":0.8,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common coil-coated steel gauge range for washing-machine/dishwasher/oven outer panels balancing oil-canning resistance against formability and cost","sources":["astm-en-sheet-steel"],"tags":["panel","steel","gauge"]},{"id":"panel-steel-stainless-gauge","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"304 stainless appliance panel gauge","summary":"A 304 stainless show panel (fridge door, range hood, oven fascia) runs 1.0 mm thick, thicker than painted steel because stainless has no paint film to hide print-through of the ribs behind it.","applies":["appliance panel","sheet metal","stainless","fridge","range hood"],"value":{"value":1,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Standard stainless show-panel gauge that resists oil-canning and rib print-through on an unpainted, reflective surface","sources":["astm-en-sheet-steel"],"tags":["panel","stainless","gauge"]},{"id":"panel-fascia-plastic-thickness","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Plastic appliance fascia panel thickness","summary":"A moulded ABS/PP appliance fascia (control panel, door liner) runs 2.5-3 mm nominal wall, thicker than a consumer-housing wall because it usually carries printed graphics and a control cluster's mounting bosses.","applies":["appliance panel","fascia","abs","pp","control panel"],"value":{"min":2.5,"max":3,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Appliance fascia panels run thicker than typical consumer-housing walls to stay flat under printed-graphic lamination and boss loads","sources":["appliance-fascia-molding-guide"],"tags":["panel","plastic","fascia"],"see":["consumer/wall-thickness-abs"]},{"id":"knob-dshaft-standard","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Control-knob D-shaft bore standards","summary":"A control knob bores for a 6 mm D-shaft with a 4.5 mm flat-to-flat dimension, or a 6.35 mm (1/4 in) round/D shaft on larger potentiometers; match the bore to the pot's published shaft spec, not the knob vendor's default.","applies":["knob","control knob","potentiometer","encoder"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"d-shaft-6mm","diameter":6,"flat":4.5},{"param":"shaft-quarter-inch","diameter":6.35}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common potentiometer/encoder D-shaft and 1/4in round-shaft dimensions used across appliance control knobs","sources":["bourns-knobs"],"tags":["knob","d-shaft","potentiometer"]},{"id":"knob-size-envelope","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Control-knob diameter and grip height","summary":"Size an appliance control knob 30-45 mm in outer diameter with a 15-25 mm grip height above the panel, enough for a wet or gloved hand to find and turn it without brushing the neighbouring control.","applies":["knob","control knob","oven","cooktop"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"diameter","min":30,"max":45},{"param":"grip-height","min":15,"max":25}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common appliance control-knob envelope balancing hand ergonomics, panel spacing and mould cost","sources":["bourns-knobs"],"tags":["knob","ergonomics","envelope"]},{"id":"switch-rocker-cutout","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Rocker switch panel cutout","summary":"The two common rocker-switch panel cutouts are 19.2 x 13 mm (mini rocker) and 30 x 22 mm (standard rocker); cut to the switch datasheet's own cutout tolerance, not a rounded number, since a rocker's bezel rarely has gasket compliance to hide a mismatch.","applies":["switch","rocker switch","appliance panel"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"mini-rocker","width":19.2,"height":13},{"param":"standard-rocker","width":30,"height":22}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Standard rocker-switch bezel cutout families used across household appliance panels","sources":["iec-60335-1"],"tags":["switch","rocker","cutout"]},{"id":"switch-pushbutton-cutout","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Push-button panel hole diameters","summary":"Panel-mount push buttons come in three common round cutouts, ⌀12, ⌀16 and ⌀19/22 mm; the ⌀22 mm size is also the standard emergency-stop and industrial pilot-light bezel, reused on heavier appliances.","applies":["switch","push button","appliance panel"],"value":{"options":[12,16,19,22],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Standard panel-mount push-button bezel diameter family shared across household and light-industrial control panels","sources":["iec-60335-1"],"tags":["switch","push-button","cutout"]},{"id":"hinge-euro-cup","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Concealed Euro hinge cup bore","summary":"A concealed (Euro-style) cabinet hinge bores a ⌀35 mm cup 12 mm deep into the door's back face; boring past 13 mm risks breaking through a typical 16-19 mm cabinet-door panel.","applies":["hinge","kitchen cabinet module","cabinet door"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"cup-diameter","value":35},{"param":"cup-depth","value":12}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Industry-standard concealed hinge cup bore size fitting the common 16-19 mm cabinet-door panel thickness","sources":["en-1935"],"tags":["hinge","euro-hinge","cabinet"]},{"id":"cable-gland-metric-hole","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Metric cable gland panel hole diameters","summary":"Drill a metric cable gland's panel hole to M12 -> 12.5 mm, M16 -> 16.5 mm, M20 -> 20.5 mm; the 0.5 mm over the nominal thread size is the gland's own clearance for the locknut to draw the gasket down without cross-threading in sheet metal.","applies":["cable gland","appliance panel","cord entry"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"m12","hole":12.5},{"param":"m16","hole":16.5},{"param":"m20","hole":20.5}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Manufacturer panel-hole recommendation for metric cable glands threading directly into sheet metal or a moulded boss","sources":["lapp-skintop"],"tags":["cable-gland","metric","panel-hole"]},{"id":"cord-iec-c14-cutout","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"IEC C14 inlet panel cutout","summary":"An IEC 60320 C14 appliance inlet (the standard 3-pin mains socket on the back of most appliances) needs a 27.5 x 19.8 mm rectangular panel cutout plus the moulded flange's own screw bosses either side.","applies":["cord","iec inlet","appliance panel","mains inlet"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"width","value":27.5},{"param":"height","value":19.8}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"EN/IEC 60320-1 C14 appliance-coupler panel cutout dimension","sources":["en-60320"],"tags":["cord","c14","inlet","cutout"]},{"id":"lampholder-e26-e27","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"E26/E27 Edison screw lamp holder envelope","summary":"An E27 (Europe) or E26 (North America) Edison-screw lamp holder has a ⌀26-27 mm threaded shell and a body/ring diameter around 40 mm; the two caps are close enough to interchange mechanically but not electrically rated the same in every market.","applies":["lamp holder","e27","e26","light fixture","luminaire"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"thread-diameter","min":26,"max":27},{"param":"ring-diameter","value":40}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"IEC 60061 Edison-screw cap/holder gauge for the E26/E27 family","sources":["iec-60061-lampcaps"],"tags":["lamp-holder","e27","e26","edison-screw"]},{"id":"lampholder-gu10-mr16","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"GU10 and MR16 lamp base envelope","summary":"A GU10 twist-lock base spaces its two pins 10 mm apart on centre; the MR16 reflector lamp it commonly pairs with (12 V, bi-pin base) is ⌀50 mm across the reflector face — size the fixture's reflector pocket to that, not the base.","applies":["lamp holder","gu10","mr16","light fixture","luminaire"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"gu10-pin-spacing","value":10},{"param":"mr16-diameter","value":50}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"IEC 60061 GU10 twist-lock pin gauge and the standard MR16 reflector lamp outer diameter","sources":["iec-60061-lampcaps"],"tags":["lamp-holder","gu10","mr16"]},{"id":"led-zhaga-les","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Zhaga Book 3 LED Light Engine Surface (LES) diameters","summary":"A Zhaga Book 3 LED module's light-emitting surface (LES) comes in four standard round diameters, 9, 13, 19 and 23 mm; pick the fixture's optic and heatsink pocket to whichever LES size the chosen module family publishes.","applies":["led module","lighting","luminaire","zhaga"],"value":{"options":[9,13,19,23],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Zhaga Book 3 interoperability specification for LED light engines with separate control gear","sources":["zhaga-book3"],"tags":["led","zhaga","les","module"]},{"id":"led-heatsink-thermal-budget","kind":"rule","tier":1,"title":"Natural-convection LED heatsink thermal budget","summary":"Budget 2-4 W of LED heat per 100 cm2 of natural-convection aluminium heatsink surface to hold the LED junction at or below 85 C; below that ratio the fixture needs forced air or a bigger fin area, not a better LED.","applies":["led heatsink","lighting","luminaire"],"value":{"min":2,"max":4,"unit":"W"},"basis":"Typical natural-convection aluminium heatsink dissipation density used to keep an LED's junction near its rated maximum","sources":["cree-xlamp"],"tags":["led","heatsink","thermal","junction-temp"]},{"id":"safety-touch-temperature-limit","kind":"rule","tier":1,"title":"Touchable-surface temperature limit (IEC 60335-1)","summary":"A user-touchable appliance surface must not exceed 60 C on metal or 70 C on plastic under normal operation, measured with a 12 mm-diameter articulated finger probe reaching every opening the probe can enter.","applies":["appliance","safety","enclosure","toaster","coffee machine"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"metal","value":60},{"param":"plastic","value":70}],"unit":"C"},"basis":"IEC 60335-1 accessible-surface temperature-rise limits and the standard finger-probe geometry used to define \"touchable\"","sources":["iec-60335-1"],"tags":["safety","temperature","finger-probe"]},{"id":"kitchen-module-dimensions","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Kitchen cabinet module coordinating sizes","summary":"European kitchen cabinetry coordinates on a 600 mm module width, 720 mm carcass height, 560 mm carcass depth, with a finished worktop height of 870-920 mm above the floor once plinth and countertop are added.","applies":["kitchen cabinet module","appliance","worktop"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"module-width","value":600},{"param":"carcass-height","value":720},{"param":"carcass-depth","value":560},{"param":"worktop-height","min":870,"max":920}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"EN 1116 coordinating dimensions for kitchen furniture and built-in appliances","sources":["en-1116"],"tags":["kitchen","module","cabinet","worktop"]},{"id":"appliance-niche-sizes","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Built-in appliance niche openings","summary":"Size a built-in oven niche 595 x 595 mm and a built-in dishwasher niche 600 x 850 mm (width x height) so the appliance's own trim frame can seal to the cabinetry without shimming.","applies":["kitchen cabinet module","oven","dishwasher","appliance niche"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"oven-niche","width":595,"height":595},{"param":"dishwasher-niche","width":600,"height":850}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"EN 1116 standard built-in appliance niche openings used across European kitchen cabinetry","sources":["en-1116"],"tags":["kitchen","niche","built-in","oven","dishwasher"]},{"id":"door-handle-backset","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Door handle backset and spindle size","summary":"A residential door lever/knob sets on a 60 or 70 mm backset (centre of the spindle to the door edge) with an 8 mm square spindle; mixing backsets between the lock and the handle is the most common field-fit failure on a hardware order.","applies":["door handle","home hardware","lever handle","knob"],"value":{"options":[60,70],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common residential door-hardware backset family and the standard 8 mm square follower spindle","sources":["bhma-a156"],"tags":["door-handle","backset","spindle"]},{"id":"appliance-feet-adjustable","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Adjustable appliance feet thread and load","summary":"Adjustable appliance feet thread on M8 or M10 studs and carry 80-150 kg each depending on foot diameter and material, enough for four feet to level and support a washing machine or a full oven under dynamic spin/door loads.","applies":["appliance feet","washing machine","oven","dishwasher"],"value":{"min":80,"max":150,"unit":"kg"},"basis":"Common adjustable-foot thread sizes and per-foot static/dynamic load rating for major household appliances","sources":["iec-60335-1"],"tags":["feet","leveling","load"]},{"id":"knob-detent-indexing","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Knob detent indexing steps","summary":"A stepped control knob (oven mode, fan speed) commonly indexes in 30 deg detents, giving 12 positions per full turn; finer detents crowd the printed legend ring beyond legible spacing.","applies":["knob","control knob","detent"],"value":{"value":30,"unit":"deg"},"basis":"Common detent spacing that keeps a printed position legend legible around a knob's circumference","sources":["bourns-knobs"],"tags":["knob","detent","indexing"]},{"id":"potentiometer-shaft-mount-type","kind":"feature","tier":2,"title":"Knob-to-shaft mounting: set-screw vs push-on","summary":"A set-screw knob clamps a grub screw onto the shaft's flat and tolerates a wider shaft-length variance; a push-on (friction-fit) knob relies on the D-flat's own interference and needs the shaft length held within about 0.5 mm to seat consistently.","applies":["knob","potentiometer","encoder","d-shaft"],"basis":"Set-screw and push-on are the two dominant knob-retention methods, trading assembly speed against shaft-length tolerance","sources":["bourns-knobs"],"tags":["knob","set-screw","push-on","mounting"]},{"id":"switch-ip67-boot","kind":"feature","tier":2,"title":"IP67 rubber boot over a panel switch","summary":"An IP67-rated rocker or push-button switch adds a moulded silicone boot sealing to the panel cutout's edge; budget an extra 1-2 mm of clearance around the mechanical cutout for the boot's own sealing lip versus a dry-location switch.","applies":["switch","ip67","wet area"],"value":{"min":1,"max":2,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"IP67 switch boots need lip clearance beyond the bare mechanical switch cutout to seat and seal without pinching","sources":["iec-60529"],"tags":["switch","ip67","sealing"]},{"id":"hinge-butt-screw-pattern","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Butt hinge screw hole pattern","summary":"A standard butt hinge leaf spaces its 2 screw holes at roughly 1/4 and 3/4 of the leaf length, sized for #6-#10 wood or sheet-metal screws depending on hinge size.","applies":["hinge","butt hinge","door"],"value":{"options":["#6","#8","#10"]},"basis":"Conventional butt-hinge leaf screw placement used across residential and appliance door hardware","sources":["en-1935"],"tags":["hinge","butt-hinge","screws"]},{"id":"hinge-piano-continuous","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Piano (continuous) hinge sizing","summary":"A piano hinge runs the full door/lid length with screw holes on a repeating 25-40 mm pitch, spreading the load continuously instead of at two or three butt-hinge points.","applies":["hinge","piano hinge","lid"],"value":{"min":25,"max":40,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Continuous-hinge screw pitch spreads a lid's load evenly along its full length instead of at discrete hinge points","sources":["en-1935"],"tags":["hinge","piano-hinge","lid"]},{"id":"latch-magnetic-catch-pull","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Magnetic catch and push-latch pull force","summary":"A cabinet magnetic catch or push-latch holds a door with 3-8 kg of pull; lighter than 3 kg lets a door drift open under vibration, heavier than 8 kg becomes hard to open one-handed and stresses a light door panel's own fixing screws.","applies":["latch","magnetic catch","push latch","cabinet door"],"value":{"min":3,"max":8,"unit":"kg"},"basis":"Common cabinet-hardware catch pull-force range balancing door retention against one-handed opening effort","sources":["bhma-a156"],"tags":["latch","magnetic-catch","pull-force"]},{"id":"oven-door-hinge-load","kind":"rule","tier":2,"title":"Oven door hinge spring and cycle load","summary":"Size an oven door's spring-loaded hinge for the door's full open-weight moment plus a rated 30,000-100,000 open/close cycle life; a hinge sized only for static hold sags and the door stops self-closing well before the appliance's own warranty period ends.","applies":["hinge","oven","oven door"],"value":{"min":30000,"max":100000,"unit":"cycles"},"basis":"Oven door hinges see far more duty cycles over an appliance's life than a cabinet hinge and must hold spring tension across that whole life","sources":["iec-60335-1"],"tags":["hinge","oven-door","cycle-life"]},{"id":"cable-gland-pg-thread","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"PG-thread cable gland panel hole diameters","summary":"Legacy PG-thread cable glands drill to PG9 -> 15.2 mm and PG11 -> 18.6 mm; PG threads are still common on older appliance and control-panel designs even though metric (M12/M16/M20) is now the preferred new-design thread.","applies":["cable gland","pg thread","appliance panel"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"pg9","hole":15.2},{"param":"pg11","hole":18.6}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Manufacturer panel-hole recommendation for legacy PG-thread cable glands","sources":["lapp-skintop"],"tags":["cable-gland","pg-thread","panel-hole"]},{"id":"strain-relief-bushing-cord","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Strain-relief bushing for appliance cord","summary":"A snap-in strain-relief bushing for a 6-8 mm mains cord needs a 10-12 mm panel hole; too tight and the bushing can't compress to grip the cord jacket, too loose and it spins instead of relieving strain at the entry point.","applies":["cord","strain relief","appliance panel"],"value":{"min":10,"max":12,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common snap-bushing panel-hole sizing for a 6-8 mm round mains cord jacket","sources":["iec-60335-1"],"tags":["cord","strain-relief","bushing"]},{"id":"cord-c8-figure8-cutout","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"IEC C8 figure-8 inlet cutout","summary":"A double-insulated appliance (no earth pin) uses the smaller IEC 60320 C8 \"figure-8\" inlet, a 19.4 x 10 mm panel cutout narrower than the earthed C14's since it carries only two flat-blade contacts.","applies":["cord","iec inlet","c8","appliance panel"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"width","value":19.4},{"param":"height","value":10}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"EN/IEC 60320-1 C8 appliance-coupler geometry for double-insulated (Class II) appliances","sources":["en-60320"],"tags":["cord","c8","figure-8","inlet"]},{"id":"lampholder-e14","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"E14 small Edison screw lamp holder","summary":"The E14 \"small Edison screw\" lamp holder threads at ⌀14 mm, used on candelabra-style fixtures and small appliance lamps (oven lamp, fridge lamp) where an E27's ⌀27 mm shell would be oversized.","applies":["lamp holder","e14","oven lamp","fridge lamp"],"value":{"value":14,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"IEC 60061 E14 small-Edison-screw cap/holder gauge","sources":["iec-60061-lampcaps"],"tags":["lamp-holder","e14"]},{"id":"lampshade-fitter-sizes","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Lampshade fitter types and sizes","summary":"The three lampshade fitters are the E27 ring (40 mm, screws onto the holder), the UNO fitter (28 mm, clamps over the bulb) and the spider/harp fitter (1-1/8 in centre hole on a 200-250 mm harp).","applies":["lampshade","light fixture","luminaire"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"e27-ring","value":40},{"param":"uno-fitter","value":28},{"param":"spider-center-hole","value":28.575,"note":"1-1/8 in"}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Standard lampshade fitter families and the harp height that coordinates with them","sources":["iec-60061-lampcaps"],"tags":["lampshade","fitter","e27","uno","spider","harp"]},{"id":"led-cob-footprint","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"COB LED array footprint diameters","summary":"Chip-on-board (COB) LED arrays come in two very common round footprints, ⌀13.5 mm and ⌀19 mm, driving the heatsink's central pocket and the reflector/optic's entry aperture in a downlight or spotlight.","applies":["led module","cob","lighting","luminaire"],"value":{"options":[13.5,19],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common commercial COB LED array footprint sizes used across downlight and spotlight fixture families","sources":["cree-xlamp"],"tags":["led","cob","footprint"]},{"id":"led-strip-width","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"LED strip (2835/5050) PCB widths","summary":"Flexible LED strips built on 2835 or 5050 packages come on 8, 10 or 12 mm wide PCBs; size the fixture's channel/extrusion groove to whichever width the chosen strip's datasheet gives, plus 0.2-0.3 mm slide clearance.","applies":["led strip","lighting","led module"],"value":{"options":[8,10,12],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common flexible LED strip PCB widths for 2835 and 5050 package families","sources":["cree-xlamp"],"tags":["led","strip","2835","5050"]},{"id":"led-module-bolt-circle","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"LED module mounting bolt circles","summary":"Round LED light-engine modules commonly mount on a 26, 35 or 50 mm bolt circle depending on module size; match the heatsink's tapped-hole pattern to the module family before committing to a fin layout.","applies":["led module","lighting","heatsink","mounting"],"value":{"options":[26,35,50],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common round LED module mounting bolt-circle families that heatsink and driver housings are designed around","sources":["zhaga-book3"],"tags":["led","module","bolt-circle","mounting"]},{"id":"heatsink-fin-geometry","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"LED heatsink fin spacing and thermal pad","summary":"Space extruded or die-cast LED heatsink fins 6-8 mm apart for natural convection (tighter starves airflow between fins) and use a 0.5 mm thermal interface pad between the LED module and the heatsink to fill microscopic air gaps without adding significant thermal resistance.","applies":["led heatsink","lighting","thermal"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"fin-spacing","min":6,"max":8},{"param":"thermal-pad","value":0.5}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Natural-convection fin spacing floor before boundary layers from adjacent fins interfere, and common TIM pad thickness","sources":["cree-xlamp"],"tags":["heatsink","fin","thermal-pad"]},{"id":"diffuser-lens-thickness","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Diffuser/lens thickness and transmission","summary":"A clear PMMA diffuser lens runs 2 mm thick at about 90% light transmission; an opal (frosted) polycarbonate diffuser runs 1.5-2 mm, trading a little transmission for even light spread that hides individual LED hot spots.","applies":["diffuser","lens","lighting","luminaire"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"pmma-clear","thickness":2,"transmission":90},{"param":"opal-pc","min":1.5,"max":2}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common diffuser material and thickness combinations balancing optical transmission against hot-spot hiding and moulding cost","sources":["iec-60598-1"],"tags":["diffuser","lens","pmma","polycarbonate"]},{"id":"ip-bathroom-zones","kind":"rule","tier":2,"title":"Bathroom IP zone requirements for fixtures","summary":"A bathroom light or appliance in Zone 0 (inside the bath/shower basin) needs IPX7, Zone 1 (above the basin to 2.25 m) needs IPX4, and Zone 2 (600 mm beyond Zone 1) also needs IPX4; outside Zone 2 a dry-rated fixture is acceptable.","applies":["bathroom hardware","light fixture","luminaire","ip rating"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"zone-0","value":"IPX7"},{"param":"zone-1","value":"IPX4"},{"param":"zone-2","value":"IPX4"}]},"basis":"IEC 60364-7-701 zoning for locations containing a bath or shower and the minimum IP rating each zone requires","sources":["iec-60364-7-701","iec-60529"],"tags":["ip-rating","bathroom","zones"]},{"id":"ip-kitchen-minimum","kind":"rule","tier":2,"title":"Kitchen appliance minimum IP rating","summary":"A kitchen appliance not directly over a sink or hob typically only needs IP20 (finger-touch and basic dust protection); an appliance mounted directly above a sink, hob or dishwasher steam path should step up to at least IP44 for splash resistance.","applies":["kitchen appliance","ip rating","enclosure"],"value":{"min":20,"unit":"count","note":"IP20 baseline; IP44+ over a sink/hob/steam source"},"basis":"IEC 60529 IP-code baseline for a dry-location kitchen appliance versus one exposed to splash","sources":["iec-60529"],"tags":["ip-rating","kitchen","splash"]},{"id":"drawer-runner-length","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Kitchen drawer runner lengths","summary":"Kitchen drawer runners come in 450 mm and 500 mm common lengths, sized to the 560 mm standard cabinet depth minus front/rear clearance; picking a runner longer than the carcass depth allows is the most common kitchen-fitting mistake.","applies":["kitchen cabinet module","drawer"],"value":{"options":[450,500],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common drawer-runner lengths coordinated to the EN 1116 560 mm standard cabinet depth","sources":["en-1116"],"tags":["kitchen","drawer","runner"]},{"id":"test-ball-pressure","kind":"test","tier":2,"title":"Ball-pressure test (IEC 60335-1)","summary":"Press a 5 mm steel ball into a load-bearing plastic part at 75 C (general parts) or 125 C (parts near a heat source) for 1 hour; the indentation must stay under 2 mm, screening out a resin that would soften and creep in normal service heat.","applies":["appliance","test","plastic","heat resistance"],"value":{"options":[75,125],"unit":"C"},"basis":"IEC 60335-1 ball-pressure test for resistance to heat of insulating and structural material","sources":["iec-60335-1"],"tags":["test","ball-pressure","heat"]},{"id":"test-glow-wire","kind":"test","tier":2,"title":"Glow-wire flammability test (IEC 60335-1)","summary":"Apply a glowing wire at 650, 750 or 850 C, rising with proximity to live parts; the part must self-extinguish within 30 s and not ignite surrounding tissue paper, so avoid a thin unsupported web near heat-generating parts.","applies":["appliance","test","plastic","flammability"],"value":{"options":[650,750,850],"unit":"C"},"basis":"IEC 60335-1 glow-wire test severity selection by the part's proximity to live parts and ignition risk","sources":["iec-60335-1"],"tags":["test","glow-wire","flammability"]},{"id":"test-drop-cord-appliance","kind":"test","tier":2,"title":"Cord-connected appliance drop test","summary":"Drop a cord-connected handheld or countertop appliance 1000 mm onto a hard surface in its most likely orientations; a pass means no exposed live part, no cracked enclosure at a boss or hinge, and the cord's strain relief still grips after impact.","applies":["appliance","test","drop test","toaster","coffee machine"],"value":{"value":1000,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"IEC 60335-1 rough-handling drop test for a cord-connected household appliance","sources":["iec-60335-1"],"tags":["test","drop","cord-connected"]},{"id":"test-hinge-door-cycle","kind":"test","tier":2,"title":"Hinge/door cycle-life test","summary":"Cycle an appliance door or cabinet hinge 30,000-100,000 times; passing means hinge spring tension, door seal compression and latch engagement all stay within spec at the end of the run, not just that nothing broke.","applies":["hinge","test","oven","cabinet door"],"value":{"min":30000,"max":100000,"unit":"cycles"},"basis":"Common appliance and cabinet hinge/door durability cycle-count target across the product's rated life","sources":["iec-60335-1","en-1935"],"tags":["test","hinge","cycle-life"]},{"id":"test-knob-torque","kind":"test","tier":2,"title":"Control knob torque test","summary":"Apply 1.5 Nm of torque to a control knob repeatedly (turning and, separately, a static overload check) without the knob slipping on its shaft, cracking at the D-flat, or the panel's own switch/pot bearing taking permanent damage.","applies":["knob","test","control knob"],"value":{"value":1.5,"unit":"Nm"},"basis":"Common control-knob torque test level exceeding normal hand-operated turning force with margin","sources":["bourns-knobs"],"tags":["test","knob","torque"]},{"id":"test-luminaire-thermal-endurance","kind":"test","tier":2,"title":"Luminaire thermal and 1 h endurance test (IEC 60598-1)","summary":"Run a luminaire at rated voltage until temperatures stabilise, then hold for a further 1 hour; every measured point (LED junction proxy, driver, wiring, accessible surfaces) must stay under its rated limit for the full hour.","applies":["light fixture","luminaire","test"],"value":{"value":1,"unit":"h"},"basis":"IEC 60598-1 thermal test and its 1-hour endurance hold after temperature stabilisation","sources":["iec-60598-1"],"tags":["test","luminaire","thermal","endurance"]},{"id":"standard-iec-60335-1","kind":"standard","tier":2,"title":"IEC/UL 60335-1 — household appliance safety","summary":"IEC 60335-1 (harmonised in North America as UL 60335-1) is the general safety standard for household and similar electrical appliances, covering touchable-surface temperature, ball-pressure and glow-wire material tests, mechanical strength and the drop/cord tests this pack cites.","applies":["appliance","safety","standard"],"basis":"Governing general safety standard for household electrical appliances, with sector-specific Part 2 standards layered on top","sources":["iec-60335-1"],"tags":["standard","iec60335","safety"]},{"id":"standard-iec-60598-1","kind":"standard","tier":2,"title":"IEC 60598-1 — luminaire general requirements","summary":"IEC 60598-1 sets general safety and performance requirements for luminaires, including the thermal endurance test, creepage/clearance around live parts, and the mechanical strength an IK impact rating references.","applies":["light fixture","luminaire","standard"],"basis":"Governing general standard for luminaire safety and performance that sector-specific luminaire standards build on","sources":["iec-60598-1"],"tags":["standard","iec60598","luminaire"]},{"id":"standard-iec-60529","kind":"standard","tier":2,"title":"IEC 60529 — degrees of protection (IP code)","summary":"IEC 60529 defines the IP code's two digits (solid-object/dust ingress, then liquid ingress) that this pack's kitchen and bathroom IP-rating entries reference, plus the IPX suffix used when only the liquid digit is tested.","applies":["ip rating","enclosure","standard"],"basis":"Governing international standard defining the IP ingress-protection classification system","sources":["iec-60529"],"tags":["standard","iec60529","ip-rating"]},{"id":"material-prepainted-steel","kind":"material","tier":2,"title":"Pre-painted (coil-coated) steel for appliance panels","summary":"Pre-painted steel (~7.85 g/cm3) is the default appliance-panel material: a polyester or PVDF coil coating is applied before forming, so the panel's finish survives the press brake and punch operations that would crack a post-painted part's coating.","applies":["appliance panel","material","steel"],"value":{"value":7.85,"unit":"g/cm3"},"basis":"Standard low-carbon steel density; coil-coating-before-forming is what distinguishes an appliance-panel steel spec from a raw structural sheet","sources":["astm-en-sheet-steel"],"tags":["material","steel","coil-coated"]},{"id":"material-304-stainless","kind":"material","tier":2,"title":"304 stainless steel for show panels","summary":"304 stainless (~8.0 g/cm3) is the default show-panel grade for fridge doors, range hoods and control fascias, chosen for corrosion resistance and appearance rather than strength; a brushed (No. 4) finish also hides handling marks better than a mirror polish.","applies":["appliance panel","material","stainless"],"value":{"value":8,"unit":"g/cm3"},"basis":"Standard austenitic 304 stainless steel datasheet density and its common use as an appliance show-surface grade","sources":["astm-en-sheet-steel"],"tags":["material","stainless","304"]},{"id":"material-abs-pp-pc-housing","kind":"material","tier":2,"title":"ABS/PP/PC for appliance housings and fascias","summary":"ABS (~1.05 g/cm3), PP (~0.905 g/cm3) and PC (~1.2 g/cm3) cover most moulded appliance fascias and control-panel housings, chosen respectively for cosmetic finish, chemical/fatigue resistance near a hinge or latch, and impact/heat resistance near a heat source.","applies":["appliance panel","material","housing"],"value":{"table":[{"material":"abs","density":1.05},{"material":"pp","density":0.905},{"material":"pc","density":1.2}],"unit":"g/cm3"},"basis":"Standard resin datasheet densities for the three plastics most commonly specified across appliance housings and fascias","sources":["appliance-fascia-molding-guide"],"tags":["material","abs","pp","pc"]},{"id":"material-pbt-knob","kind":"material","tier":2,"title":"PBT for control knobs and switch bodies","summary":"PBT (polybutylene terephthalate, ~1.3 g/cm3) is a common control-knob and switch-body resin for its dimensional stability, low creep under a set-screw's clamping load, and good resistance to household chemicals a knob gets wiped with.","applies":["knob","material","switch"],"value":{"value":1.3,"unit":"g/cm3"},"basis":"Standard PBT resin datasheet density and its common selection for control knobs that must hold a set-screw's clamp load without creeping","sources":["bourns-knobs"],"tags":["material","pbt","knob"]},{"id":"material-6063-heatsink-extrusion","kind":"material","tier":2,"title":"6063 aluminium for extruded LED heatsinks","summary":"6063-T5 aluminium (~2.7 g/cm3) is the default extruded LED heatsink alloy for its good extrudability into fine fin sections and adequate thermal conductivity (~200 W/mK), trading some conductivity versus pure aluminium for a fin geometry that would tear in a harder alloy.","applies":["led heatsink","material","aluminium"],"value":{"value":2.7,"unit":"g/cm3"},"basis":"Standard 6063-T5 extrusion alloy datasheet density and its common use for fine-pitch extruded heatsink fins","sources":["cree-xlamp"],"tags":["material","aluminium","6063","extrusion"]},{"id":"material-pmma-opal-pc","kind":"material","tier":2,"title":"PMMA and opal PC for diffuser lenses","summary":"Clear PMMA (~1.18 g/cm3) gives the highest transmission for a diffuser lens; opal polycarbonate (~1.2 g/cm3) trades some transmission for better impact resistance, preferred where the lens is also the outer impact-rated surface.","applies":["diffuser","lens","material","luminaire"],"value":{"table":[{"material":"pmma","density":1.18},{"material":"opal-pc","density":1.2}],"unit":"g/cm3"},"basis":"Standard resin datasheet densities for the two dominant luminaire diffuser/lens materials","sources":["iec-60598-1"],"tags":["material","pmma","polycarbonate","diffuser"]},{"id":"recipe-control-knob-dshaft","kind":"recipe","tier":2,"title":"Recipe: control knob with D-shaft bore and pointer","summary":"Build a ⌀35 x 20 mm control knob: an R2 mm fillet on the top rim, a ⌀6 mm D-shaft bore with a 4.5 mm flat cut via a subtracted box, and a small pointer notch on the outer rim near the top.","applies":["knob","control knob"],"basis":"Combines knob-size-envelope and knob-dshaft-standard into one buildable knob with a working D-shaft bore and position pointer","sources":["bourns-knobs"],"tags":["recipe","knob","d-shaft"],"recipe":{"prompt":"Model a 35mm diameter, 20mm tall control knob with a 6mm D-shaft bore (4.5mm flat), an R2mm rounded top rim, and a small pointer notch on the outer edge","steps":[{"tool":"cad_cylinder","args":{"r":17.5,"h":20},"note":"knob body, 35mm diameter x 20mm tall"},{"tool":"cad_fillet_edges","args":{"of":"$0","radius":2},"note":"round the top rim"},{"tool":"cad_cylinder","args":{"r":3,"h":22,"origin":[0,0,-1]},"note":"6mm diameter bore tool, through with 1mm overshoot each end"},{"tool":"cad_boolean_subtract","args":{"of":"$1","tool":"$2"},"note":"cut the round D-shaft bore"},{"tool":"cad_box","args":{"dx":8,"dy":2,"dz":22,"origin":[-4,1.5,-1]},"note":"flat-cut tool trimming the bore from y=1.5 to y=3.5, giving a 4.5mm flat-to-flat D-shaft"},{"tool":"cad_boolean_subtract","args":{"of":"$3","tool":"$4"},"note":"cut the D-shaft flat"},{"tool":"cad_box","args":{"dx":2,"dy":4,"dz":3,"origin":[16.5,-2,17]},"note":"pointer notch tool on the outer rim near the top"},{"tool":"cad_boolean_subtract","args":{"of":"$5","tool":"$6"},"note":"cut the pointer indicator notch"}],"expect":{"volume":18237.29,"faceCount":17,"watertight":true,"note":"measured 2026-09-19: representation change, not geometry: pinned while the boolean published a TESSELLATED B-rep (one planar face per triangle) and it now publishes an analytic one — faceCount 3562 -> 17 while the volume moved 0.053%. Same cause CADSF-1604 established on the pendant and the servo bracket"}}},{"id":"recipe-lampshade-e27-collar","kind":"recipe","tier":2,"title":"Recipe: lampshade with E27 collar","summary":"Build a 180 mm base / 80 mm top, 150 mm tall frustum lampshade shelled to a 1.5 mm wall open at the bottom, with a ⌀40 mm E27 collar ring unioned onto the closed top for the lamp holder fitter.","applies":["lampshade","light fixture","luminaire"],"basis":"Combines lampshade-fitter-sizes' E27 ring diameter with a shelled frustum shade shape into one buildable shade with a working fitter collar","sources":["iec-60061-lampcaps"],"tags":["recipe","lampshade","e27"],"recipe":{"prompt":"Model a tapered lampshade, 180mm diameter at the base narrowing to 80mm at the top, 150mm tall, 1.5mm shell wall open at the bottom, with a 40mm diameter E27 collar ring on the closed top","steps":[{"tool":"cad_frustum","args":{"r0":90,"r1":40,"h":150},"note":"lampshade cone, 180mm base diameter tapering to 80mm at the top"},{"tool":"cad_shell","args":{"of":"$0","thickness":1.5,"open":[{"normal":[0,0,-1]}]},"note":"1.5mm wall, open bottom only, top stays a closed planar cap for the collar to land on"},{"tool":"cad_cylinder","args":{"r":20,"h":17,"origin":[0,0,148]},"note":"40mm diameter E27 fitter collar, embedded 2mm into the shade's top cap so it pierces a planar face"},{"tool":"cad_boolean_union","args":{"of":"$1","tool":"$2"},"note":"union the collar onto the shade's top cap"}],"expect":{"volume":122208.46,"faceCount":13,"watertight":true,"note":"measured 2026-09-19: representation change, not geometry: pinned while the boolean published a TESSELLATED B-rep (one planar face per triangle) and it now publishes an analytic one — faceCount 649 -> 13, volume +0.139%, and the PINNED volume is the SMALLER one: the chord deficit of a faceted collar, which is the tessellation signature"}}},{"id":"recipe-led-heatsink-puck","kind":"recipe","tier":2,"title":"Recipe: LED heatsink puck with 3 mounting holes","summary":"Build a ⌀50 x 10 mm heatsink puck with four radial fins unioned onto the top face and three ⌀3.4 mm mounting holes on a 35 mm bolt circle.","applies":["led heatsink","lighting"],"basis":"Combines heatsink-fin-geometry and led-module-bolt-circle into one buildable heatsink puck with working fins and a mounting bolt circle","sources":["cree-xlamp"],"tags":["recipe","heatsink","led"],"recipe":{"prompt":"Model a 50mm diameter, 10mm thick LED heatsink puck with four radial fins on top and three M3 mounting holes on a 35mm bolt circle","steps":[{"tool":"cad_cylinder","args":{"r":25,"h":10},"note":"heatsink puck body, 50mm diameter x 10mm thick"},{"tool":"cad_box","args":{"dx":18,"dy":2,"dz":6,"origin":[5,-1,9]},"note":"fin 1, radiating +X, 1mm embedded into the puck top for a solid union"},{"tool":"cad_boolean_union","args":{"of":"$0","tool":"$1"},"note":"union fin 1"},{"tool":"cad_box","args":{"dx":2,"dy":18,"dz":6,"origin":[-1,5,9]},"note":"fin 2, radiating +Y"},{"tool":"cad_boolean_union","args":{"of":"$2","tool":"$3"},"note":"union fin 2"},{"tool":"cad_box","args":{"dx":18,"dy":2,"dz":6,"origin":[-23,-1,9]},"note":"fin 3, radiating -X"},{"tool":"cad_boolean_union","args":{"of":"$4","tool":"$5"},"note":"union fin 3"},{"tool":"cad_box","args":{"dx":2,"dy":18,"dz":6,"origin":[-1,-23,9]},"note":"fin 4, radiating -Y"},{"tool":"cad_boolean_union","args":{"of":"$6","tool":"$7"},"note":"union fin 4"},{"tool":"cad_hole_pattern","args":{"of":"$8","type":"drill","diameter":3.4,"pattern":{"kind":"circular","center":[0,0],"radius":17.5,"count":3}},"note":"3x M3 clearance holes on the 35mm bolt circle"}],"expect":{"volume":20050.66,"faceCount":41,"watertight":true,"note":"measured 2026-09-19: representation change, not geometry: pinned while the boolean published a TESSELLATED B-rep (one planar face per triangle) and it now publishes an analytic one — faceCount 299 -> 41, volume +0.150%, pinned smaller (chord deficit of the faceted fins)"}}}]}