{"$schema":"nativecad-dfm-pack/1","id":"furniture","title":"Furniture — desks, chairs, tables, shelving, cabinets","sector":"furniture","version":"2026-09-03","summary":"Ergonomic and regulatory dimensions, joinery, materials and the BIFMA/EN/ADA tests a piece of furniture is held to, plus real build recipes for desks, task chairs and shelving.","aliases":["desk","chair","table","shelf","shelving","cabinet","office furniture","seating","casegoods"],"crossSector":false,"size":"standard","sources":[{"id":"bifma-x5.1","title":"ANSI/BIFMA X5.1-2017 General-Purpose Office Chairs — Tests","url":"https://www.bifma.org/store/viewproduct.aspx?id=8391764","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"bifma-x5.5","title":"ANSI/BIFMA X5.5-2014 (R2019) Desk Products — Tests","url":"https://www.bifma.org/store/viewproduct.aspx?id=8391767","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"bifma-g1","title":"BIFMA G1-2013 Ergonomics Guideline for Furniture Used in Office Work Spaces","url":"https://www.bifma.org/","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"en-1335","title":"EN 1335-1:2020 Office furniture — Office work chair — Dimensions","url":"https://www.en-standard.eu/","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"en-527","title":"EN 527-1:2011 Office furniture — Work tables and desks — Dimensions","url":"https://www.en-standard.eu/","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"ada-2010","title":"2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design, §306 knee/toe clearance & §902 dining/work surfaces","url":"https://www.ada.gov/law-and-regs/design-standards/2010-stds/","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"bifma-x5.9","title":"ANSI/BIFMA X5.9-2014 Storage Units — Tests","url":"https://www.bifma.org/","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"astm-f2057","title":"ASTM F2057-19 Standard Safety Specification for Clothing Storage Units (tip-over)","url":"https://www.astm.org/f2057-19.html","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"32mm-system","title":"The 32 mm cabinet construction system — shelf-pin hole spacing and line-boring convention","note":"industry convention, widely documented by cabinet-hardware makers (Blum, Hettich); no single normative document","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"wood-handbook","title":"USDA Forest Products Laboratory, Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material (FPL-GTR-282)","url":"https://www.fpl.fs.usda.gov/documnts/fplgtr/fpl_gtr282.pdf","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"matweb-6061","title":"MatWeb — Aluminum 6063-T5 extrusion, typical properties","url":"https://www.matweb.com/search/DataSheet.aspx?MatGUID=8e5f6879abc74221ad14006031a54d7c","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"azo-steel-tube","title":"AZoM — mild/low-carbon steel tube (ERW), typical density and yield","url":"https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6115","accessed":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"lee-valley-confirmat","title":"Lee Valley / Häfele technical data — Confirmat (KD) screw hole drilling specification","url":"https://www.leevalley.com/en-us/shop/hardware/knock-down-fittings","accessed":"2026-09-03"}],"entries":[{"id":"seat-height","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Task chair seat height (adjustable range)","summary":"Adjustable seat height should span at least 380–510 mm above the floor (5th–95th percentile popliteal height); a fixed-height chair sits at 430–460 mm.","applies":["task chair","office chair","fixed-height chair"],"value":{"min":380,"max":510,"typical":450,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Popliteal height 5th–95th percentile adult, seated, shod","sources":["bifma-g1","en-1335"],"tags":["ergonomics","seating","chair"]},{"id":"seat-depth","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Task chair seat depth","summary":"Usable seat pan depth (front edge to backrest) should be 380–440 mm, ideally adjustable, so the front edge clears the back of the knee by 40–70 mm.","applies":["task chair","office chair"],"value":{"min":380,"max":440,"typical":410,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Buttock-popliteal length 5th percentile minus knee clearance margin","sources":["bifma-g1","en-1335"],"tags":["ergonomics","seating","chair"]},{"id":"seat-width","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Task chair seat width","summary":"Seat pan width at the front should be at least 400 mm (typical 460–510 mm) to clear the 95th-percentile hip breadth with clothing allowance.","applies":["task chair","office chair"],"value":{"min":400,"max":510,"typical":460,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"95th percentile seated hip breadth + clothing allowance","sources":["bifma-g1"],"tags":["ergonomics","seating","chair"]},{"id":"backrest-height-width","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Task chair backrest height and width","summary":"A mid-back backrest spans 450–500 mm above the seat and is 300–360 mm wide; lumbar support centre sits 150–250 mm above the seat, adjustable.","applies":["task chair","office chair"],"value":{"min":450,"max":500,"typical":480,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Lumbar-to-scapula coverage for 5th–95th percentile torso length","sources":["en-1335","bifma-g1"],"tags":["ergonomics","seating","backrest"]},{"id":"armrest-height","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Armrest height above seat (adjustable)","summary":"Armrest top surface should adjust 200–280 mm above the compressed seat surface so forearms rest level with elbows at 90°, and clear the desk apron underside.","applies":["task chair","office chair"],"value":{"min":200,"max":280,"typical":230,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Elbow rest height 5th–95th percentile seated, minus seat compression","sources":["bifma-g1","en-1335"],"tags":["ergonomics","seating","armrest"]},{"id":"desk-height-fixed","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Fixed desk / worksurface height","summary":"A non-adjustable desk or work table sits 720–760 mm above the floor, 730 mm typical, to clear a seated elbow with the chair at 450 mm seat height.","applies":["desk","table","workstation"],"value":{"min":720,"max":760,"typical":730,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Seated elbow height above floor minus 20–30 mm worksurface clearance","sources":["en-527","bifma-x5.5"],"tags":["ergonomics","desk","worksurface"]},{"id":"desk-height-sit-stand","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Sit-stand desk height range","summary":"A sit-stand desk must adjust across 650–1250 mm to cover seated (5th percentile) through standing (95th percentile) elbow height.","applies":["sit-stand desk","height-adjustable desk"],"value":{"min":650,"max":1250,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Seated 5th-percentile elbow height to standing 95th-percentile elbow height","sources":["bifma-x5.5","bifma-g1"],"tags":["ergonomics","desk","sit-stand"]},{"id":"desk-knee-clearance","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Desk knee and toe clearance (ADA 306)","summary":"Knee clearance under a worksurface needs ≥ 685 mm width, ≥ 635 mm depth at 230 mm height tapering to 480 mm depth at 685 mm height, with toe clearance to 230 mm.","applies":["desk","table","accessible workstation"],"value":{"min":685,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"ADA 2010 §306 knee and toe clearance for a forward wheelchair approach","sources":["ada-2010"],"tags":["accessibility","desk","clearance"]},{"id":"dining-table-height","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Dining / conference table height and clearance","summary":"Dining and conference tables sit 710–760 mm high (740 mm typical) with ≥ 685 mm knee clearance width per seat and 300 mm minimum apron-to-seat-edge overlap.","applies":["dining table","conference table"],"value":{"min":710,"max":760,"typical":740,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"ADA 902 dining surface height plus seated knee clearance","sources":["ada-2010","en-527"],"tags":["dimension","table"]},{"id":"coffee-side-table-height","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Coffee table / side table height","summary":"A coffee table sits 330–430 mm high, roughly level with or slightly below adjacent sofa seat height (typical sofa seat 400–450 mm).","applies":["coffee table","side table"],"value":{"min":330,"max":430,"typical":380,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Convention: level with or ~50 mm below adjacent seat height","sources":["bifma-g1"],"tags":["dimension","table"]},{"id":"worksurface-thickness","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Desk / table worksurface thickness","summary":"A panel worksurface (particleboard or MDF core, laminate faced) runs 18–25 mm thick; 25 mm is standard for spans over 900 mm without a centre support.","applies":["desk","table","worksurface"],"value":{"min":18,"max":25,"typical":25,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Deflection under 250 N point load stays under 6 mm at this thickness and span","sources":["bifma-x5.5"],"tags":["dimension","worksurface","panel"]},{"id":"leg-section-square","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Desk/table leg section, square steel tube","summary":"A steel-tube desk leg is typically 40×40 mm to 50×50 mm square, 1.5–2 mm wall, for a 720 mm leg under a 25 mm worksurface up to 1600×800 mm.","applies":["desk leg","table leg","steel-frame table"],"value":{"min":40,"max":50,"typical":40,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Column buckling and racking stiffness for BIFMA X5.5 stability loads","sources":["bifma-x5.5"],"tags":["dimension","leg","steel"]},{"id":"leg-section-timber","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Table leg section, solid hardwood","summary":"A solid hardwood table leg runs 60–80 mm square (or ⌀60–75 mm turned) for legs up to 750 mm; below 60 mm section, racking stiffness needs a stretcher.","applies":["table leg","wood furniture"],"value":{"min":60,"max":80,"typical":70,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Slenderness ratio keeping buckling load well above service load with FS ≈ 4","sources":["wood-handbook"],"tags":["dimension","leg","hardwood"]},{"id":"apron-rail-section","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Apron / rail section under a tabletop","summary":"An apron rail joining legs under a solid-wood tabletop is 18–25 mm thick × 70–100 mm deep, set back 10–15 mm from the top's edge.","applies":["table","desk","apron","rail"],"value":{"min":70,"max":100,"typical":90,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Rail depth resists racking at the leg-to-top joint without a metal bracket","sources":["wood-handbook"],"tags":["dimension","apron","joinery"]},{"id":"shelf-span-sag","kind":"rule","tier":1,"title":"Shelf span vs. sag (particleboard/MDF)","summary":"An 18 mm particleboard shelf should not span more than 700–800 mm unsupported under normal book/storage load (≈0.6 mm sag per 100 mm span at mid-load); add a centre support beyond 900 mm.","applies":["shelf","shelving","cabinet shelf"],"value":{"max":800,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Deflection limit L/300 under a uniform 40 kg/m distributed load, E ≈ 2500 MPa for particleboard","sources":["bifma-x5.9"],"tags":["rule","shelf","deflection"]},{"id":"shelf-span-sag-plywood","kind":"rule","tier":2,"title":"Shelf span vs. sag (plywood)","summary":"An 18 mm birch-plywood shelf can span up to 900–1000 mm before sag exceeds L/300 under the same load, thanks to plywood's higher bending modulus (≈7000 MPa) versus particleboard.","applies":["shelf","plywood shelf"],"value":{"max":1000,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Deflection limit L/300, E ≈ 7000 MPa cross-grain-averaged for 18 mm birch plywood","sources":["wood-handbook"],"tags":["rule","shelf","plywood","deflection"]},{"id":"shelf-thickness","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Cabinet/bookcase shelf thickness","summary":"Fixed or adjustable cabinet shelving runs 16–19 mm thick (18 mm nominal) for particleboard/MDF/plywood; glass shelves run 6–10 mm tempered.","applies":["shelf","cabinet","bookcase"],"value":{"min":16,"max":19,"typical":18,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Standard panel stock thickness matching the 32 mm system's edge-band allowance","sources":["32mm-system"],"tags":["dimension","shelf","panel"]},{"id":"32mm-system-pitch","kind":"rule","tier":1,"title":"32 mm cabinet system: hole pitch and line-boring","summary":"Cabinet-side shelf-pin and hinge holes are line-bored on a 32 mm vertical pitch, ⌀5 mm × 12–13 mm deep, front row 37 mm from the front edge, back row 37 mm from the back edge.","applies":["cabinet","shelving","carcass"],"value":{"value":32,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Industry-standard 32 mm system lets any panel width use the same boring template","sources":["32mm-system"],"tags":["fastener","shelf-pin","32mm-system","cabinet"],"check":{"process":"sheet","rule":"hole-edge-distance","params":{"minEdgeMm":8}}},{"id":"shelf-pin-hole","kind":"fastener","tier":1,"title":"Shelf-pin hole size","summary":"Shelf-pin holes are ⌀5 mm (metric pin system) or ⌀1/4 in (imperial), bored 12–13 mm deep in 18 mm stock, leaving ≥ 5 mm of material behind the hole.","applies":["shelf","cabinet","shelf pin"],"value":{"value":5,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"5 mm pin diameter is the de-facto metric standard across European cabinet hardware","sources":["32mm-system"],"tags":["fastener","shelf-pin"]},{"id":"cam-lock-fitting","kind":"fastener","tier":1,"title":"Cam-lock (cam-and-dowel) knock-down fitting","summary":"A cam-lock joint uses a ⌀15 mm × 12 mm deep cam housing bored face-on and a ⌀8 mm × 30–35 mm deep cam-bolt hole bored edge-on, tied together by an 8 mm locating dowel 25–30 mm from the panel edge.","applies":["cabinet","knock-down furniture","flat-pack"],"value":{"value":15,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Standard RTA-furniture cam-lock hardware (e.g. Häfele/Blum minifix) hole set","sources":["lee-valley-confirmat"],"tags":["fastener","cam-lock","knock-down","flat-pack"]},{"id":"dowel-8x30-32mm-system","kind":"fastener","tier":2,"title":"Locating dowel, ⌀8 × 30 mm (32 mm system)","summary":"The 32 mm system's locating dowel is ⌀8 mm × 30 mm, bored ⌀8.0–8.2 mm × 15–16 mm deep into each mating face, centred 8–10 mm from the panel's outer face for standard 18–19 mm stock.","applies":["cabinet","carcass joinery","flat-pack"],"value":{"value":8,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"8×30 fluted dowel is the standard RTA carcass locating pin; half its length seats in each panel","sources":["lee-valley-confirmat"],"tags":["fastener","dowel","32mm-system"]},{"id":"confirmat-screw","kind":"fastener","tier":2,"title":"Confirmat (KD) screw, 7×50","summary":"A Confirmat screw for 16–19 mm panel-to-panel carcass joints is ⌀7 × 50 mm, needing a stepped pilot: ⌀4.5 mm through the face panel and ⌀7.0 mm × ~35 mm into the mating panel's edge.","applies":["cabinet","carcass joinery","flat-pack"],"value":{"value":7,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Confirmat's coarse thread needs a stepped two-diameter pilot, unlike a standard wood screw","sources":["lee-valley-confirmat"],"tags":["fastener","confirmat","screw","cabinet"]},{"id":"pocket-screw-joint","kind":"fastener","tier":2,"title":"Pocket-screw joint (Kreg-style)","summary":"A pocket-screw joint for 18–19 mm stock uses a 15° stepped pocket bored ⌀9.5 mm (shank) stepping to ⌀7 mm (pilot), with a #8 self-tapping screw 32–38 mm long.","applies":["table apron","face frame","shelving"],"value":{"value":15,"unit":"deg"},"basis":"15° pocket angle is the Kreg-jig convention balancing screw shear and edge distance","sources":["lee-valley-confirmat"],"tags":["fastener","pocket-screw","joinery"]},{"id":"cabinet-hinge-cup","kind":"fastener","tier":2,"title":"Concealed (Euro) cabinet hinge cup","summary":"A concealed cabinet hinge cup is ⌀35 mm × 11.5–13 mm deep, bored 21.5–22.5 mm from the door edge with two ⌀2.9–3.5 mm pilot holes at 45 mm pitch either side of the cup.","applies":["cabinet door","hinge"],"value":{"value":35,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"35 mm cup is the near-universal Euro-hinge standard across cabinet hardware brands","sources":["32mm-system"],"tags":["fastener","hinge","cabinet"]},{"id":"leg-leveller-insert","kind":"fastener","tier":2,"title":"Leg leveller / T-nut insert","summary":"An adjustable furniture leg leveller uses an M8 or M10 threaded T-nut insert pressed into a ⌀10–12.5 mm bore in the leg base, ± 8–10 mm of level adjustment.","applies":["table leg","cabinet base","leveller"],"value":{"value":10,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"M8/M10 threaded levellers are the common capacity for domestic and light-commercial furniture","sources":["lee-valley-confirmat"],"tags":["fastener","leveller","leg"]},{"id":"material-particleboard","kind":"material","tier":1,"title":"Particleboard (chipboard) core panel","summary":"Particleboard: density 650–750 kg/m³, MOE ≈ 2200–2800 MPa, stocked 16/18/25 mm, melamine- or laminate-faced; the default RTA-furniture and shelf core.","applies":["shelf","cabinet","worksurface","flat-pack"],"value":{"table":[{"property":"density","min":650,"max":750,"unit":"kg/m3"},{"property":"MOE","min":2200,"max":2800,"unit":"MPa"}]},"basis":"Typical EN 312 particleboard grade P2, melamine faced","sources":["wood-handbook"],"tags":["material","particleboard","panel"]},{"id":"material-mdf","kind":"material","tier":2,"title":"MDF (medium-density fibreboard)","summary":"MDF: density 680–800 kg/m³, MOE ≈ 3000–4000 MPa, stocked 12/16/18/25 mm; machines and edge-profiles cleanly, common for painted furniture faces.","applies":["cabinet door","furniture face","moulding"],"value":{"table":[{"property":"density","min":680,"max":800,"unit":"kg/m3"},{"property":"MOE","min":3000,"max":4000,"unit":"MPa"}]},"basis":"Typical EN 622-5 MDF grade for interior furniture use","sources":["wood-handbook"],"tags":["material","mdf","panel"]},{"id":"material-birch-plywood","kind":"material","tier":2,"title":"Birch plywood","summary":"Birch plywood: density 650–700 kg/m³, bending MOE ≈ 6000–8000 MPa along face grain, stocked 12/15/18/25 mm; used for structural shelves, seat pans, drawer sides.","applies":["shelf","seat pan","drawer","structural panel"],"value":{"table":[{"property":"density","min":650,"max":700,"unit":"kg/m3"},{"property":"MOE","min":6000,"max":8000,"unit":"MPa"}]},"basis":"Baltic birch plywood, 9–13 ply cross-laminated construction","sources":["wood-handbook"],"tags":["material","plywood","panel"]},{"id":"material-solid-hardwood","kind":"material","tier":2,"title":"Solid hardwood (oak / beech / maple)","summary":"Solid hardwood for legs and frames: density 650–750 kg/m³ (oak/beech), MOE ≈ 11000–13000 MPa along grain; move ~0.25–0.5 % dimensionally per % moisture-content change across the grain.","applies":["table leg","chair frame","solid-wood furniture"],"value":{"table":[{"property":"density","min":650,"max":750,"unit":"kg/m3"},{"property":"MOE","min":11000,"max":13000,"unit":"MPa"}]},"basis":"USDA Wood Handbook species tables for red oak / European beech","sources":["wood-handbook"],"tags":["material","hardwood","solid-wood"]},{"id":"material-steel-tube-frame","kind":"material","tier":2,"title":"Mild-steel tube (desk/chair frame)","summary":"ERW mild-steel tube for desk and chair frames: density 7850 kg/m³, yield ≈ 250–350 MPa, 1.2–2.0 mm wall, powder-coated; the default structural-frame material for office furniture.","applies":["desk frame","chair frame","table frame"],"value":{"table":[{"property":"density","value":7850,"unit":"kg/m3"},{"property":"yield","min":250,"max":350,"unit":"MPa"}]},"basis":"Typical ASTM A500/EN 10305 ERW tube for furniture-grade steel frames","sources":["azo-steel-tube"],"tags":["material","steel","tube","frame"]},{"id":"material-aluminium-extrusion","kind":"material","tier":2,"title":"Aluminium extrusion (6063-T5)","summary":"6063-T5 aluminium extrusion for lightweight legs/rails: density 2700 kg/m³, yield ≈ 145–186 MPa, anodised finish common; ~1/3 the weight of steel tube for equal wall thickness.","applies":["desk leg","table frame","lightweight furniture"],"value":{"table":[{"property":"density","value":2700,"unit":"kg/m3"},{"property":"yield","min":145,"max":186,"unit":"MPa"}]},"basis":"MatWeb 6063-T5 extrusion datasheet, typical values","sources":["matweb-6061"],"tags":["material","aluminium","extrusion"]},{"id":"finish-melamine-edge","kind":"process","tier":2,"title":"Melamine face with PVC/ABS edge-banding","summary":"A melamine-faced panel gets 0.4–2.0 mm PVC or ABS edge-banding hot-glued to exposed edges; specify the panel's true (banded) dimension, not the raw-core dimension, in the model.","applies":["shelf","cabinet","worksurface"],"value":{"min":0.4,"max":2,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Edge-band thickness range across common cabinet-panel suppliers","sources":["32mm-system"],"tags":["process","finish","edge-band"]},{"id":"powder-coat-steel-frame","kind":"process","tier":2,"title":"Powder coat on steel furniture frames","summary":"Powder coat on a steel desk/chair frame builds 60–120 µm dry film after a phosphate pretreatment; inside corners need ≥ 3 mm radius so coating doesn't bridge or pinhole.","applies":["chair frame","desk frame","steel furniture"],"value":{"min":60,"max":120,"unit":"um"},"basis":"Typical electrostatic powder-coat build for furniture-grade steel","sources":["azo-steel-tube"],"tags":["process","finish","powder-coat","steel"]},{"id":"chair-caster-stem","kind":"fastener","tier":2,"title":"Chair caster stem (grip-ring)","summary":"A twin-wheel office-chair caster uses a ⌀10 or 11 mm grip-ring stem pressed into the base's leg socket to a friction fit of 0.05–0.15 mm interference.","applies":["task chair","office chair base"],"value":{"value":11,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"ANSI/BIFMA standard grip-ring stem sizes for 5-star chair bases","sources":["bifma-x5.1"],"tags":["fastener","caster","chair-base"]},{"id":"chair-base-diameter","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"5-star chair base diameter","summary":"A 5-star swivel chair base spans 640–700 mm diameter — at least as wide as the seat plus armrests — to prevent tip-over per BIFMA X5.1.","applies":["task chair","office chair base"],"value":{"min":640,"max":700,"typical":660,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Stability envelope must exceed the seated occupant's centre-of-gravity offset at max recline","sources":["bifma-x5.1"],"tags":["dimension","chair-base","stability"]},{"id":"table-overhang-max","kind":"rule","tier":2,"title":"Tabletop overhang beyond leg frame","summary":"A tabletop should not overhang its leg frame or apron by more than 300–350 mm per side without added bracing, to keep static tip load within BIFMA's edge-load stability limit.","applies":["table","desk"],"value":{"max":350,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"BIFMA X5.5 stability test applies a 450 N edge load; unbraced overhang beyond this rotates the frame","sources":["bifma-x5.5"],"tags":["rule","stability","overhang"]},{"id":"drawer-slide-clearance","kind":"rule","tier":2,"title":"Drawer box clearance for ball-bearing slides","summary":"A drawer box needs 13 mm total side clearance per full-extension ball-bearing slide pair (12.7 mm slide width + ~0.3 mm running clearance) inside the cabinet opening.","applies":["cabinet","drawer"],"value":{"value":13,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Standard side-mount ball-bearing slide envelope (e.g. Accuride/Blum 3832 series)","sources":["32mm-system"],"tags":["rule","drawer","slide","clearance"]},{"id":"tabletop-corner-radius","kind":"rule","tier":1,"title":"Tabletop and desk corner radius","summary":"Exposed tabletop and desk corners need ≥ 6 mm radius (BIFMA) to pass the sharp-edge/corner safety check; 12–20 mm is typical for a soft 'waterfall' front edge.","applies":["desk","table","worksurface"],"value":{"min":6,"max":20,"typical":12,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"BIFMA X5.5 sharp-edges-and-corners requirement","sources":["bifma-x5.5"],"tags":["rule","safety","corner","edge"]},{"id":"cable-grommet-hole","kind":"feature","tier":2,"title":"Desk cable-management grommet hole","summary":"A desk grommet for cable pass-through is ⌀60 or ⌀80 mm through the worksurface, centred ≥ 100 mm from the back edge to clear the apron.","applies":["desk","worksurface"],"value":{"options":[60,80]},"basis":"Standard grommet-cap diameters sold for office desking","sources":["bifma-x5.5"],"tags":["feature","grommet","cable"]},{"id":"seat-pan-contour","kind":"feature","tier":2,"title":"Seat pan waterfall front edge","summary":"A task-chair seat pan's front edge is radiused (waterfall) with an 8–15 mm minimum radius and the front 50–80 mm sloped down 3–5° to relieve under-thigh pressure.","applies":["task chair seat pan"],"value":{"min":8,"max":15,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Reduces popliteal pressure per ergonomic seating guidance","sources":["bifma-g1","en-1335"],"tags":["feature","seat-pan","ergonomics"]},{"id":"test-bifma-seating-cycle","kind":"test","tier":2,"title":"BIFMA X5.1 seating cyclic backrest/seat test","summary":"BIFMA X5.1 cyclic backrest test applies 334 N at the backrest top for 120,000 cycles; seat cyclic load applies 890 N for 100,000 cycles — the frame and pan must show no fracture or looseness after.","applies":["task chair","office chair"],"value":{"table":[{"test":"backrest cyclic","load":334,"cycles":120000,"unit":"N"},{"test":"seat cyclic","load":890,"cycles":100000,"unit":"N"}]},"basis":"BIFMA X5.1-2017 §7 (backrest) and §6 (seat) cyclic durability","sources":["bifma-x5.1"],"tags":["test","durability","chair","cyclic"]},{"id":"test-bifma-seating-drop","kind":"test","tier":1,"title":"BIFMA X5.1 drop test","summary":"BIFMA X5.1 drop test releases a 1500 N load onto the seat from a 100 mm drop height, once; the seat pan and its fixings must not fracture — the mounting boss under the pan needs ≥ 3 mm wall around fasteners.","applies":["task chair","office chair"],"value":{"value":1500,"unit":"N"},"basis":"BIFMA X5.1-2017 §11 drop test","sources":["bifma-x5.1"],"tags":["test","drop","chair","impact"]},{"id":"test-chair-tipover","kind":"test","tier":1,"title":"BIFMA X5.1 tip / stability test","summary":"BIFMA X5.1 stability test applies a 400 N side load at the armrest with the seat at max height; the base footprint must keep the chair from tipping — base radius ≥ 330 mm (⌀660 mm) typically passes.","applies":["task chair","office chair base"],"value":{"value":400,"unit":"N"},"basis":"BIFMA X5.1-2017 §17 stability test, worst-case recline and reach","sources":["bifma-x5.1"],"tags":["test","stability","tip-over","chair"]},{"id":"test-desk-load","kind":"test","tier":1,"title":"BIFMA X5.5 worksurface static load test","summary":"BIFMA X5.5 static worksurface load test applies 730 N distributed over the top for 24 h with ≤ 6 mm permanent set allowed, plus a 450 N edge-load test at the front corner without tipping.","applies":["desk","table","worksurface"],"value":{"table":[{"test":"static top load","load":730,"unit":"N"},{"test":"edge load","load":450,"unit":"N"}]},"basis":"BIFMA X5.5-2014 §4/§8 static load and stability","sources":["bifma-x5.5"],"tags":["test","desk","static-load"]},{"id":"test-desk-tipover","kind":"test","tier":2,"title":"Desk / cabinet tip-over test (ASTM F2057)","summary":"ASTM F2057 tip-over test hangs a 22.7 kg (50 lb) mass from a fully-extended drawer or open door; the unit must not tip — a storage unit over 760 mm tall generally needs anti-tip hardware or a wider base.","applies":["cabinet","storage unit","chest of drawers"],"value":{"value":22.7,"unit":"kg"},"basis":"ASTM F2057-19 tip-over test for clothing storage units","sources":["astm-f2057"],"tags":["test","tip-over","cabinet","storage"]},{"id":"test-shelf-load","kind":"test","tier":2,"title":"BIFMA X5.9 shelf static load test","summary":"BIFMA X5.9 shelf load test applies a uniformly distributed load of 0.24 N/mm² (≈24 kg per 300×300 mm) for 24 h; permanent set must stay ≤ shelf thickness × 0.5.","applies":["shelf","shelving unit","storage"],"value":{"value":0.24,"unit":"MPa"},"basis":"BIFMA X5.9-2014 §5 shelf static load","sources":["bifma-x5.9"],"tags":["test","shelf","static-load"]},{"id":"test-desk-durability-cycle","kind":"test","tier":2,"title":"BIFMA X5.5 leg/frame cyclic durability","summary":"BIFMA X5.5 cyclic test racks the desk frame with a 222 N horizontal load at worksurface height for 10,000 cycles side-to-side and 10,000 front-to-back; joints must show no visible looseness.","applies":["desk frame","table frame"],"value":{"value":222,"unit":"N"},"basis":"BIFMA X5.5-2014 §10 cyclic racking durability","sources":["bifma-x5.5"],"tags":["test","durability","desk","cyclic"]},{"id":"standard-bifma-x5-1","kind":"standard","tier":2,"title":"ANSI/BIFMA X5.1 — General-Purpose Office Chairs","summary":"ANSI/BIFMA X5.1-2017 covers seat/back static and cyclic loading, drop, tip stability, caster/base fatigue and arm-load tests for task and executive office chairs.","applies":["task chair","office chair"],"basis":"The governing US test standard for office seating durability and stability","sources":["bifma-x5.1"],"tags":["standard","chair","bifma"]},{"id":"standard-bifma-x5-5","kind":"standard","tier":2,"title":"ANSI/BIFMA X5.5 — Desk Products","summary":"ANSI/BIFMA X5.5-2014 (R2019) covers static/cyclic loading, stability and drawer/door durability for desks, tables and storage-integrated worksurfaces.","applies":["desk","table","workstation"],"basis":"The governing US test standard for desk-product structural performance","sources":["bifma-x5.5"],"tags":["standard","desk","bifma"]},{"id":"standard-en-1335","kind":"standard","tier":2,"title":"EN 1335-1 — Office Work Chair Dimensions","summary":"EN 1335-1:2020 sets the European dimensional envelope (seat height/depth/width, backrest, armrest travel) that a work chair must meet for the CE-relevant EN 1335 series.","applies":["task chair","office chair"],"basis":"The EU dimensional counterpart to BIFMA G1's guideline numbers","sources":["en-1335"],"tags":["standard","chair","en"]},{"id":"standard-ada-306-902","kind":"standard","tier":1,"title":"ADA 2010 §306/§902 — Knee clearance and work surfaces","summary":"ADA 2010 §306 sets knee/toe clearance under accessible worksurfaces and §902 sets accessible dining/work surface height at 730–865 mm — a fixed constraint any accessible desk design must clear.","applies":["desk","table","accessible workstation"],"basis":"US federal accessibility requirement for forward wheelchair approach to a worksurface","sources":["ada-2010"],"tags":["standard","accessibility","ada"]},{"id":"seat-recline-angle","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Backrest recline angle range","summary":"A task-chair backrest reclines 90–120° from the seat pan (measured seat-to-back), with a synchro-tilt mechanism coupling seat tilt to roughly half the backrest angle change.","applies":["task chair","office chair"],"value":{"min":90,"max":120,"unit":"deg"},"basis":"Range needed to move from upright typing posture to relaxed recline without losing lumbar contact","sources":["en-1335","bifma-g1"],"tags":["dimension","chair","recline"]},{"id":"table-apron-setback","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Apron setback from tabletop edge","summary":"An apron rail sits set back 10–15 mm from the tabletop's finished edge so a seated person's thighs don't strike the rail, and to hide the rail from a standing viewer's sightline.","applies":["table","desk"],"value":{"min":10,"max":15,"typical":12,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Convention balancing thigh clearance against visual/structural apron depth","sources":["en-527"],"tags":["dimension","apron","table"]},{"id":"recipe-desk-top-leg-frame","kind":"recipe","tier":2,"title":"Recipe: desk top on a four-leg steel frame","summary":"Build a 1200×700 mm desk: 25 mm worksurface at 720 mm overall height on four 40×40 mm legs inset 50 mm from each edge, with a 3 mm eased top edge.","applies":["desk","table"],"basis":"Combines desk-height-fixed (720–760 mm), worksurface-thickness (18–25 mm) and leg-section-square (40–50 mm) into one buildable frame","sources":["bifma-x5.5","en-527"],"tags":["recipe","desk","leg-frame"],"recipe":{"prompt":"Model a 1200x700mm desk: 25mm top, four 40x40mm steel legs, 720mm overall height, legs inset 50mm from each edge","steps":[{"tool":"cad_box","args":{"dx":1200,"dy":700,"dz":25,"origin":[0,0,695]},"note":"25mm worksurface, top sits at 695-720mm so overall height is 720mm"},{"tool":"cad_box","args":{"dx":40,"dy":40,"dz":695,"origin":[50,50,0]},"note":"front-left leg"},{"tool":"cad_box","args":{"dx":40,"dy":40,"dz":695,"origin":[1110,50,0]},"note":"front-right leg"},{"tool":"cad_box","args":{"dx":40,"dy":40,"dz":695,"origin":[50,610,0]},"note":"back-left leg"},{"tool":"cad_box","args":{"dx":40,"dy":40,"dz":695,"origin":[1110,610,0]},"note":"back-right leg"},{"tool":"cad_fillet_edges","args":{"of":"$0","radius":3},"note":"3mm eased edge on the worksurface, BIFMA sharp-edge minimum"}],"expect":{"volume":20985164.25,"faceCount":26,"watertight":true,"note":"measured 2026-09-19: agrees with the kernel on the CADSF-1630 corpus sweep — volume inside the 0.5% band and faceCount exact"}}},{"id":"recipe-task-chair-seat-pan","kind":"recipe","tier":2,"title":"Recipe: task-chair seat pan with waterfall edge and mount holes","summary":"Build a 460×410 mm, 18 mm plywood seat pan with a 10 mm eased waterfall front edge and a 4-hole ⌀9 mm mechanism mounting pattern.","applies":["task chair"],"basis":"Combines seat-width/seat-depth with seat-pan-contour and a clearance-hole mounting pattern","sources":["bifma-g1","en-1335"],"tags":["recipe","chair","seat-pan"],"recipe":{"prompt":"Model a 460x410mm task-chair seat pan, 18mm plywood, waterfall front edge, 4 mounting holes for the tilt mechanism","steps":[{"tool":"cad_box","args":{"dx":460,"dy":410,"dz":18},"note":"18mm plywood seat pan blank"},{"tool":"cad_fillet_edges","args":{"of":"$0","radius":8},"note":"8mm eased edges including the waterfall front"},{"tool":"cad_hole_pattern","args":{"of":"$1","type":"drill","diameter":9,"depth":10,"pattern":{"kind":"grid","origin":[130,105],"dx":200,"dy":200,"nx":2,"ny":2}},"note":"4x M8-clearance mechanism mounting holes, blind 10mm"}],"expect":{"volume":3343926.64,"faceCount":42,"watertight":true,"note":"measured 2026-09-19: CADSF-1561 (cc1f38cb, 2026-09-15) gave a BLIND hole a 118° DRILL POINT: the flat floor became a cone on the four Ø9x10 blind holes: +4 faces. Volume agrees to 0.002%"}}},{"id":"recipe-shelf-32mm-system","kind":"recipe","tier":2,"title":"Recipe: cabinet side panel with 32 mm shelf-pin hole columns","summary":"Build a 600×300 mm, 18 mm cabinet side panel with two vertical columns of ⌀5 mm shelf-pin holes on 32 mm pitch, 37 mm from front and back edges, 12 mm deep.","applies":["cabinet","shelving"],"basis":"Combines 32mm-system-pitch and shelf-pin-hole into a real line-bored side panel","sources":["32mm-system"],"tags":["recipe","cabinet","shelf-pin","32mm-system"],"recipe":{"prompt":"Model a 600x300mm, 18mm cabinet side panel with two columns of 5mm shelf-pin holes on 32mm pitch, 37mm from front and back edges, 12mm deep","steps":[{"tool":"cad_box","args":{"dx":300,"dy":600,"dz":18},"note":"300mm deep x 600mm tall x 18mm side panel, laid flat for drilling on its top face"},{"tool":"cad_hole_pattern","args":{"of":"$0","type":"drill","diameter":5,"depth":12,"pattern":{"kind":"grid","origin":[37,50],"dx":226,"dy":32,"nx":2,"ny":16}},"note":"front row at x=37mm, back row at x=263mm, 16 stations per column on 32mm pitch"}],"expect":{"volume":3232145.57,"faceCount":134,"watertight":true,"note":"measured 2026-09-19: CADSF-1561 (cc1f38cb, 2026-09-15) gave a BLIND hole a 118° DRILL POINT: the flat floor became a cone on the 32 Ø5x12 shelf-pin holes: faceCount 6+32x3 = 102 (two barrel halves + a FLAT floor) -> 6+32x4 = 134 (two barrel halves + two CONE halves), and 314.7 mm^3 more removed"}}},{"id":"gas-lift-cylinder","kind":"fastener","tier":2,"title":"Chair gas-lift cylinder mount","summary":"A Class 3/4 pneumatic gas-lift cylinder mounts in a ⌀50 mm taper bore in the seat mechanism plate and a matching ⌀50 mm bore in the base column, rated 100 mm stroke.","applies":["task chair","office chair base"],"value":{"value":50,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Standard 5-series gas-lift cylinder taper diameter used across chair-mechanism suppliers","sources":["bifma-x5.1"],"tags":["fastener","gas-lift","chair"]}]}