{"$schema":"nativecad-dfm-pack/1","id":"toys-games","title":"Toys & games — dice, chess, bricks, spinners, puzzles, miniatures","sector":"toys-games","version":"2026-09-04","summary":"Dice, chess sets, toy cars, fidget spinners, yo-yos, frisbees, brick-compatible blocks, jigsaw puzzles, miniatures/figurines, spinning tops, marble runs, board-game tokens and balls: the dimensions, interface fits and materials, plus the EN 71-1/ASTM F963/16 CFR 1501 small-parts and mechanical safety tests a toy is held to.","aliases":["dice","die","d6","casino dice","polyhedral dice","chess set","chess piece","staunton chess piece","chess pawn","toy car","die-cast car","fidget spinner","yo-yo","yoyo","ultimate disc","flying disc","building block","brick-compatible block","jigsaw puzzle piece","figurine","tabletop miniature","spinning top","marble run","meeple","board game token","ping pong ball","table tennis ball"],"crossSector":false,"size":"standard","sources":[{"id":"en-71-1","title":"EN 71-1:2014+A1 Safety of toys — Mechanical and physical properties","url":"https://law.resource.org/pub/eu/toys/en.71.1.2014.html","accessed":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"astm-f963","title":"ASTM F963-23 Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Toy Safety","url":"https://store.astm.org/standards/f963","accessed":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"cpsc-16cfr1501","title":"16 CFR 1501 Method for Identifying Toy Hazards (small-parts cylinder)","url":"https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-16/chapter-II/subchapter-C/part-1501","accessed":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"bricklink-dims","title":"BrickLink — Item Dimensions: Stud Dimensions and Other Standards","url":"https://www.bricklink.com/help.asp?helpID=261","accessed":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"staunton-sizing","title":"House of Staunton — Choosing Chess Piece Sizes","url":"https://www.houseofstaunton.com/blogs/general/chess-piece-sizes","accessed":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"uscf-sizing","title":"US Chess Sales — Guide to Chess Piece Sizes","url":"https://www.uscfsales.com/blogs/chess-pieces/chess-piece-sizes","accessed":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"bearing-608","title":"608 miniature ball bearing dimensions, 8x22x7mm","url":"https://iskbearing.com/product-details/608","accessed":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"yoyo-bearing-c","title":"YoYoTricks — SPEC Bearing Size C","url":"https://yoyotricks.com/shop/spec-bearing-size-c/","accessed":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"usau-disc-standards","title":"USA Ultimate / WFDF approved disc standards","url":"https://archive.usaultimate.org/discstandards/","accessed":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"dicegame-authority","title":"Dice Types, Sizes and Specifications Reference","url":"https://dicegameauthority.com/dice-types-and-specifications","accessed":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"ittf-ball-spec","title":"ITTF-approved 40 mm table tennis ball specification","url":"https://www.allabouttabletennis.com/40mm-table-tennis-balls.html","accessed":"2026-09-04"}],"entries":[{"id":"dice-standard-16mm","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Standard six-sided die edge length","summary":"A standard d6 boardgame die runs a 12-19 mm cube edge, 16 mm the most common size for retail boxed games; scale pip diameter/depth and edge radius from the edge, not a fixed number.","applies":["dice","d6","die"],"value":{"min":12,"max":19,"typical":16,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common commodity d6 edge range across boxed board games and RPG sets","sources":["dicegame-authority"],"tags":["dice","d6","size"]},{"id":"dice-casino-19mm","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Casino/precision craps die edge length and cube tolerance","summary":"A casino craps die is a 19 mm (3/4 in) cube, razor-edged (no chamfer/radius on the edges); house-grade tolerance runs up to 0.3 mm off true cube, Grade AAA precision dice hold 0.05 mm, and Nevada gaming regulation calls for 0.013 mm (0.0005 in).","applies":["dice","casino dice","craps dice","precision dice"],"value":{"value":19,"unit":"mm","note":"cube tolerance: house 0.3mm, Grade AAA 0.05mm, regulatory 0.013mm"},"basis":"Casino/craps dice manufacturing and gaming-commission tolerance grades","sources":["dicegame-authority"],"tags":["dice","casino","precision","tolerance"]},{"id":"dice-mini-12mm","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Travel/mini die edge length","summary":"A mini or travel-set die runs a 10-12 mm cube edge, the small end of the standard 12-19 mm range, sized for compact boxed games rather than tabletop grip.","applies":["dice","mini dice","travel dice"],"value":{"min":10,"max":12,"typical":12,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common mini-die edge length for compact boxed games","sources":["dicegame-authority"],"tags":["dice","mini","size"]},{"id":"dice-pip-dimensions","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Die pip diameter and depth as a fraction of edge length","summary":"Engrave each pip at roughly 10-12% of the die's edge length in diameter and 4-5% of the edge in depth (a 16 mm die: about 1.8 mm pip diameter, 0.7 mm deep), spaced so the 21 pips stay inside the corner-blend tangent rails.","applies":["dice","pips","engraving"],"value":{"min":10,"max":12,"typical":11,"unit":"%","note":"pip diameter as % of edge; depth 4-5% of edge"},"basis":"cad_dice_pips scales pipRadius/pipDepth from face size; kernel-proven default ratios for a blended cube","sources":["dicegame-authority"],"tags":["dice","pips","engraving"],"check":{"process":"additive","rule":"min_feature_size"}},{"id":"dice-edge-radius","kind":"rule","tier":1,"title":"Die corner/edge blend radius","summary":"Round a boardgame die's corners and edges 5-10% of the edge length (about 1-1.5 mm on a 16 mm die) so it rolls cleanly and doesn't chip; a casino/precision die instead keeps a near-zero 'razor' edge on purpose, since a rounded edge biases the roll.","applies":["dice","d6","casino dice"],"value":{"min":5,"max":10,"unit":"%","note":"corner/edge blend radius as % of edge length; casino dice use ~0"},"basis":"A rolled die needs enough edge radius to tumble and survive drops without chipping; a fair casino die needs the opposite, a true sharp cube, so the roll isn't biased toward a rounded face","sources":["dicegame-authority"],"tags":["dice","edge","radius","fillet"]},{"id":"dice-balance-tolerance","kind":"tolerance","tier":1,"title":"Die mass balance after pip drilling","summary":"A fair die keeps its centre of mass within about 0.05 mm of its geometric centre; casino dice fill each of the 21 drilled pip holes with epoxy weighted to match the density of the plastic removed, so no face is left lighter than its opposite.","applies":["dice","casino dice","balance"],"value":{"max":0.05,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Drilled-and-filled pip construction must not leave a mass bias that favours the face opposite the most-drilled face (the 6-face) in the roll","sources":["dicegame-authority"],"tags":["dice","balance","mass","fair-roll"]},{"id":"dice-polyhedral-set","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Polyhedral RPG dice set sizes (d4-d20)","summary":"A standard 7-piece polyhedral RPG set runs 14-18 mm across each die (typical circumradius 11-13 mm for the d20 built with cad_polyhedron), with the d4 read from its down face rather than an up face since a tetrahedron rests on a face with a vertex at top.","applies":["dice","polyhedral dice","d4","d8","d10","d12","d20","rpg dice"],"value":{"min":11,"max":13,"typical":12,"unit":"mm","note":"circumradius R for cad_polyhedron"},"basis":"Common commercial polyhedral dice set proportions, sized to sit comfortably in an adult hand alongside a d6","sources":["dicegame-authority"],"tags":["dice","polyhedral","rpg","d20"]},{"id":"dice-material","kind":"material","tier":2,"title":"Dice materials: ABS, acrylic, resin and cast metal","summary":"Injection-moulded boardgame dice use ABS (~1.05 g/cm3) or polystyrene; casino/precision dice use cast cellulose acetate or acrylic (~1.19 g/cm3) machined flat and square; hobbyist dice are SLA/DLP resin (~1.1-1.2 g/cm3) or brass/zinc for weighted 'sharp' dice.","applies":["dice","material"],"value":{"table":[{"material":"abs","density":1.05},{"material":"acrylic","density":1.19},{"material":"resin","density":1.15}],"unit":"g/cm3"},"basis":"Common dice-manufacturing material densities across mass-market, casino and hobbyist-resin dice","sources":["dicegame-authority"],"tags":["material","dice","abs","acrylic","resin"]},{"id":"chess-king-height-95mm","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Tournament Staunton king height","summary":"FIDE/USCF tournament recommendation puts the Staunton king at 95 mm (3.75 in) tall, with club/home sets ranging 85-105 mm; every other piece's height and the board's own square size are proportioned off this one number.","applies":["chess","chess set","staunton chess piece","king"],"value":{"min":85,"max":105,"typical":95,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"FIDE tournament-equipment recommendation for Staunton-pattern king height","sources":["staunton-sizing","uscf-sizing"],"tags":["chess","king","staunton","height"]},{"id":"chess-base-diameter-ratio","kind":"rule","tier":1,"title":"Chess king base diameter as a fraction of king height","summary":"Size the king's base diameter to 40-45% of its own height (a 95 mm king takes a 38-43 mm base); a wider base up to ~50% is common on heavier weighted sets, and a narrower base tips over in play.","applies":["chess","chess set","king","base"],"value":{"min":40,"max":45,"typical":42,"unit":"%"},"basis":"FIDE/USCF proportion guidance balancing a tall Staunton piece against tip-over stability on a felted board","sources":["staunton-sizing","uscf-sizing"],"tags":["chess","base","stability","proportion"]},{"id":"chess-piece-height-ratios","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Relative piece heights in a Staunton set","summary":"Proportion the rest of a Staunton set off the king's height: queen about 90%, bishop 80%, knight 75%, rook 65% and pawn 55% — a 95 mm king gives roughly an 85 mm queen, 76 mm bishop, 71 mm knight, 62 mm rook and 52 mm pawn.","applies":["chess","chess set","queen","bishop","knight","rook","pawn"],"value":{"table":[{"piece":"king","pct":100},{"piece":"queen","pct":90},{"piece":"bishop","pct":80},{"piece":"knight","pct":75},{"piece":"rook","pct":65},{"piece":"pawn","pct":55}],"unit":"%"},"basis":"Conventional Staunton height hierarchy used across mass-produced and heirloom sets alike","sources":["staunton-sizing","uscf-sizing"],"tags":["chess","proportion","staunton"]},{"id":"chess-square-fit","kind":"rule","tier":2,"title":"King base diameter versus board square width","summary":"Keep the king's base diameter to about 75-80% of the board's own square width, so the piece sits comfortably centred without crowding a diagonally adjacent piece; pick the square size first on a fixed board, or the base diameter first on a set sold without one.","applies":["chess","chess set","board","base"],"value":{"min":75,"max":80,"unit":"%"},"basis":"Standard chess-set sizing guidance pairing a Staunton set to a board so pieces don't collide across squares","sources":["staunton-sizing"],"tags":["chess","board","square","fit"]},{"id":"chess-weighting","kind":"feature","tier":2,"title":"Weighted, felted chess piece base","summary":"A tournament piece carries a lead or zinc slug in a counterbored base cavity for tip-over resistance and a 0.5-1 mm deep felt-pad recess on the underside so the piece slides quietly and doesn't scratch the board.","applies":["chess","chess set","base","weighting"],"value":{"min":0.5,"max":1,"unit":"mm","note":"felt recess depth"},"basis":"Weighted bases resist tipping in play; the shallow felt recess keeps the pad flush rather than proud, matching the housing-label-recess convention","sources":["staunton-sizing"],"tags":["chess","weighting","felt","base"]},{"id":"chess-material","kind":"material","tier":2,"title":"Chess piece materials: boxwood, ebony, ABS and resin","summary":"Heirloom Staunton sets are turned from boxwood (~0.6-0.9 g/cm3, the pale pieces) and ebony or sheesham (~0.9-1.2 g/cm3, the dark pieces); mass-market sets are injection-moulded ABS (~1.05 g/cm3) or cast/printed resin (~1.15 g/cm3).","applies":["chess","material"],"value":{"table":[{"material":"boxwood","density":0.75},{"material":"ebony","density":1.05},{"material":"abs","density":1.05},{"material":"resin","density":1.15}],"unit":"g/cm3"},"basis":"Common Staunton-set turning and moulding material densities","sources":["staunton-sizing"],"tags":["material","chess","wood","abs"]},{"id":"toy-car-axle-diameter-4mm","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Toy car axle rod diameter","summary":"A pocket-scale toy or die-cast car runs a 4 mm steel axle rod (common range 2.5-5 mm for smaller/larger models), pressed or crimped into the chassis with the wheel free-spinning on it.","applies":["toy car","die-cast car","axle"],"value":{"min":2.5,"max":5,"typical":4,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common die-cast/plastic toy-car axle rod stock size across pocket-scale models","sources":["dicegame-authority"],"tags":["toy-car","axle","diameter"]},{"id":"toy-car-wheel-axle-clearance","kind":"tolerance","tier":2,"title":"Wheel bore clearance over the axle","summary":"Bore a toy car's wheel hub 0.1-0.3 mm larger in diameter than the axle rod for free rotation without excess wobble; tighter binds on moulding tolerance, looser lets the wheel wander sideways under load.","applies":["toy car","wheel","axle","clearance"],"value":{"min":0.1,"max":0.3,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Rotating-bore clearance floor over a rigid axle for a moulded plastic or diecast wheel hub","sources":["dicegame-authority"],"tags":["toy-car","wheel","clearance","fit"]},{"id":"toy-car-wheelbase","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Toy car wheelbase and track width","summary":"A pocket-scale (roughly 1:64) toy car runs a 45-70 mm wheelbase and 25-35 mm track width, with the body's wheel arches cut to that footprint before any styling detail is added.","applies":["toy car","die-cast car","wheelbase"],"value":{"min":45,"max":70,"typical":55,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common pocket-scale (1:64-ish) toy-car chassis proportions","sources":["dicegame-authority"],"tags":["toy-car","wheelbase","chassis"]},{"id":"toy-car-axle-retention","kind":"feature","tier":2,"title":"Axle retention: press-fit boss or crimped end","summary":"Retain a toy car's axle either with a press-fit chassis boss sized 0.05-0.1 mm under the axle diameter, or by crimping/mushrooming the axle end past the wheel hub after assembly — either way leave 0.5-1 mm of end-float so the wheel isn't clamped against the chassis.","applies":["toy car","axle","retention"],"value":{"min":0.5,"max":1,"unit":"mm","note":"axial end-float"},"basis":"A wheel clamped tight against its retention feature binds; the end-float keeps it a true free-spinning fit","sources":["dicegame-authority"],"tags":["toy-car","axle","retention","press-fit"]},{"id":"fidget-spinner-bearing-pocket-608","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Fidget spinner 608 bearing pocket","summary":"Size the centre bearing pocket for a standard 608 bearing, 22 mm OD x 8 mm bore x 7 mm wide, with a 0.05-0.1 mm press-fit interference on the pocket OD and a 0.1-0.2 mm through-clearance on the bore side so the outer race is gripped and the inner race spins free.","applies":["fidget spinner","bearing","608"],"value":{"value":22,"unit":"mm","note":"pocket bore for 608 OD; bearing is 22x8x7mm"},"basis":"608 is the de-facto standard skate/spinner bearing; a spinner body is designed around its published envelope","sources":["bearing-608"],"tags":["fidget-spinner","bearing","608","press-fit"]},{"id":"fidget-spinner-arm-balance","kind":"rule","tier":2,"title":"Fidget spinner arm mass balance","summary":"Keep the mass of each arm (and any brass/steel weight insert at its tip) within about 2% of the others; an unbalanced spinner precesses and stalls early instead of spinning true, the opposite of the part's whole purpose.","applies":["fidget spinner","balance","arm"],"value":{"max":2,"unit":"%"},"basis":"Rotational balance about the bearing axis is what gives a spinner its long, smooth spin; per-arm mass variance is the direct geometric lever on that balance","sources":["bearing-608"],"tags":["fidget-spinner","balance","arm","mass"]},{"id":"fidget-spinner-arm-envelope","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Fidget spinner overall diameter and arm weights","summary":"A tri-lobe spinner runs 70-100 mm across, with each arm carrying a 12-15 mm counterweight pocket at its tip for a brass, steel or ceramic slug that both balances the part and raises its moment of inertia for a longer spin.","applies":["fidget spinner","arm","counterweight"],"value":{"min":70,"max":100,"typical":80,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common commercial tri-lobe spinner overall diameter and tip counterweight sizing","sources":["bearing-608"],"tags":["fidget-spinner","size","counterweight"]},{"id":"yoyo-gap-width","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Yo-yo string gap width","summary":"Set the gap between a yo-yo's two half-bodies to 2-4 mm for unresponsive string-trick play (a wider gap needs more string wraps to bind and 'sleep' longer); a fixed-axle or responsive yo-yo runs the narrow end of the range so it climbs the string on a tug.","applies":["yo-yo","yoyo","gap"],"value":{"min":2,"max":4,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"The gap sets how much string must wrap around the axle/bearing before the two halves bind together and the yo-yo returns to the hand","sources":["yoyo-bearing-c"],"tags":["yoyo","gap","string"]},{"id":"yoyo-bearing-size-c","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Yo-yo Size C bearing envelope","summary":"The yo-yo industry's Size C bearing (the modern standard for unresponsive play) measures 6.35 mm bore x 12.7 mm OD x 4.75 mm wide (0.25 x 0.5 x 0.1875 in); seat it on the axle with a light press fit on the bore and a running clearance on the OD against the half-body pocket.","applies":["yo-yo","yoyo","bearing","size c"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"bore","value":6.35},{"param":"od","value":12.7},{"param":"width","value":4.75}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Size C is the de-facto industry-standard yo-yo transaxle bearing size","sources":["yoyo-bearing-c"],"tags":["yoyo","bearing","size-c"]},{"id":"yoyo-diameter-width","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Yo-yo overall diameter and width","summary":"A modern unresponsive yo-yo runs 55-57 mm in diameter and 40-45 mm wide across the two half-bodies, sized to sit comfortably in an adult hand while carrying enough rim weight for a long sleep.","applies":["yo-yo","yoyo","size"],"value":{"min":55,"max":57,"typical":56,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common modern competition/freestyle yo-yo body diameter range","sources":["yoyo-bearing-c"],"tags":["yoyo","diameter","size"]},{"id":"yoyo-response-system","kind":"feature","tier":2,"title":"Yo-yo response pad groove","summary":"Cut a shallow response-pad groove (silicone O-ring or friction-sticker pad, about 1-1.5 mm deep and 2-3 mm wide) into each half-body immediately outboard of the bearing seat, so the pad — not the bearing — is what grips the string on a tug to climb back to the hand.","applies":["yo-yo","yoyo","response system"],"value":{"min":1,"max":1.5,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"The response system is a separate friction feature outboard of the free-spinning bearing seat, deliberately decoupled from it so the sleep stays unresponsive until the pad is engaged","sources":["yoyo-bearing-c"],"tags":["yoyo","response","groove"]},{"id":"frisbee-ultimate-175g-274mm","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"WFDF/USAU regulation ultimate disc","summary":"A regulation ultimate disc weighs 175 g (+/-3 g), spans 274 mm (+/-3 mm) in diameter and stands 32 mm (+/-2 mm) tall — every WFDF/USAU-approved disc mould is built to this envelope so discs from different makers still fly and stack the same.","applies":["frisbee","ultimate disc","flying disc"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"weight","value":175,"unit":"g"},{"param":"diameter","value":274,"unit":"mm"},{"param":"height","value":32,"unit":"mm"}]},"basis":"WFDF/USAU approved-disc testing criteria for competitive ultimate play","sources":["usau-disc-standards"],"tags":["frisbee","ultimate","disc","wfdf"]},{"id":"frisbee-rim-profile","kind":"feature","tier":2,"title":"Flying disc rim geometry","summary":"Give an ultimate disc a rounded rim about 15-20 mm wide and a 2-3 mm nominal wall, tapering to a rolled or radiused lip rather than a sharp edge — the rim is what a thrower's fingers grip and what generates lift at speed, so its section is not incidental to the shell thickness.","applies":["frisbee","ultimate disc","flying disc","rim"],"value":{"min":15,"max":20,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Aerodynamic and grip function of the disc rim in regulation ultimate discs","sources":["usau-disc-standards"],"tags":["frisbee","rim","aerodynamics"]},{"id":"brick-stud-pitch-8mm","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Brick-compatible stud grid pitch","summary":"Lay every stud on an 8 mm x 8 mm grid — the pitch that makes a brick-compatible part interlock with the wider LEGO-style ecosystem; a 2x4 brick's studs sit on this same 8 mm grid, 2 studs by 4 studs.","applies":["building block","brick-compatible block","stud"],"value":{"value":8,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Published brick-compatible stud grid pitch, the base unit every other brick-compatible dimension is derived from","sources":["bricklink-dims"],"tags":["brick","stud","pitch","grid"]},{"id":"brick-stud-diameter-height","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Brick-compatible stud diameter and height","summary":"A brick-compatible stud is 4.8 mm nominal diameter (real parts measure 4.85-4.9 mm) and 1.8 mm tall standing proud of the top face, centred on each 8 mm grid point.","applies":["building block","brick-compatible block","stud"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"diameter","value":4.8},{"param":"height","value":1.8}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Published brick-compatible stud envelope, the male half of the clutch-fit connection","sources":["bricklink-dims"],"tags":["brick","stud","diameter","height"]},{"id":"brick-wall-thickness","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Brick-compatible wall and ceiling thickness","summary":"Mould a brick-compatible shell with a 1.6 mm nominal wall and top (ceiling), thinning to 1.2 mm on a tight internal rib or gusset where a full 1.6 mm would sink the outer show face.","applies":["building block","brick-compatible block","wall"],"value":{"min":1.2,"max":1.6,"typical":1.6,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Published brick-compatible wall/ceiling thickness for a precision ABS injection-moulded shell","sources":["bricklink-dims"],"tags":["brick","wall","thickness"]},{"id":"brick-tube-od","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Brick-compatible anti-stud tube outer diameter","summary":"Size the hollow anti-stud tube under a multi-stud brick's ceiling to 6.51 mm outer diameter, clutching against the inside wall of a stud pressed up into it from the brick below — this is what gives clutch power, not the studs alone.","applies":["building block","brick-compatible block","tube","anti-stud"],"value":{"value":6.51,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Published brick-compatible anti-stud tube outer diameter, sized against the 4.8 mm stud for the clutch interference","sources":["bricklink-dims"],"tags":["brick","tube","anti-stud","clutch"]},{"id":"brick-clutch-fit-clearance","kind":"tolerance","tier":2,"title":"Brick-compatible clutch-fit interference","summary":"Hold about 0.1 mm of diametral interference between a stud (4.8-4.9 mm) and the tube/stud-socket it clutches into; more binds the joint solid enough to tear on separation, less lets built models come apart under their own weight.","applies":["building block","brick-compatible block","clutch"],"value":{"value":0.1,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Clutch power is a controlled light interference fit, not a loose slip fit or a bonded joint — it must separate by hand but hold under normal handling","sources":["bricklink-dims"],"tags":["brick","clutch","interference","tolerance"]},{"id":"brick-material","kind":"material","tier":2,"title":"Brick-compatible block material: ABS","summary":"Brick-compatible blocks are precision-moulded ABS (~1.05 g/cm3) for its dimensional stability, impact toughness and clutch-fit durability over tens of thousands of connect/disconnect cycles; PC is used for transparent parts, POM for the highest-wear axle/gear parts.","applies":["building block","brick-compatible block","material"],"value":{"value":1.05,"unit":"g/cm3"},"basis":"Standard ABS resin density, the dominant brick-compatible moulding material","sources":["bricklink-dims"],"tags":["material","brick","abs"]},{"id":"jigsaw-piece-knob-socket","kind":"feature","tier":2,"title":"Jigsaw puzzle knob (tab) and socket sizing","summary":"Size a jigsaw knob's bulb to about 40-50% of the piece's own edge width and its neck to 50-60% of the bulb diameter; a narrower neck snaps under normal handling and a wider one barely interlocks, so both ratios matter more than either alone.","applies":["jigsaw puzzle piece","puzzle","knob","tab"],"value":{"min":40,"max":50,"unit":"%","note":"knob bulb diameter as % of piece edge width; neck 50-60% of bulb diameter"},"basis":"The knob/socket interlock is what holds two puzzle pieces together with no fastener; both the bulb-to-edge and neck-to-bulb ratios set its strength and its resistance to separating on a light shake","sources":["dicegame-authority"],"tags":["jigsaw","puzzle","knob","interlock"]},{"id":"jigsaw-kerf-clearance","kind":"tolerance","tier":2,"title":"Jigsaw puzzle kerf clearance and piece thickness","summary":"Add the cutting kerf (0.1-0.3 mm for laser, 0.3-0.5 mm for a die/waterjet) to the socket so a knob seats without binding, and choose a piece thickness of 2-3 mm (cardboard/plywood) up to 4-5 mm (acrylic/thick wood) so a knob's neck doesn't snap under normal handling.","applies":["jigsaw puzzle piece","puzzle","kerf"],"value":{"min":0.1,"max":0.5,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"A knob and socket cut from the same kerf-width tool need the kerf added back as clearance or the fit binds; piece thickness sets neck cross-section and therefore snap resistance","sources":["dicegame-authority"],"tags":["jigsaw","kerf","thickness","tolerance"]},{"id":"figurine-scale-28-32mm-heroic","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Tabletop miniature heroic scale","summary":"'28 mm heroic' and '32 mm heroic' describe a miniature's eye height in millimetres, deliberately scaled up (heroic) from true 1:64/1:56 scale for visual punch on a tabletop — a 28 mm-scale human figure stands roughly 30-32 mm to the top of the head including base.","applies":["figurine","tabletop miniature","scale"],"value":{"min":28,"max":32,"typical":28,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Industry-standard heroic wargaming scale convention, measured to eye height rather than total height","sources":["dicegame-authority"],"tags":["figurine","miniature","scale","heroic"]},{"id":"figurine-min-feature-resin","kind":"rule","tier":2,"title":"Minimum printable feature on a resin miniature","summary":"Keep a miniature's thinnest feature (sword blade, spear shaft, feather edge) to at least 0.4 mm on SLA/DLP resin printing; below that the feature either fails to cure solid or snaps off during support removal and cleanup.","applies":["figurine","tabletop miniature","resin"],"value":{"min":0.4,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"SLA/DLP resin's practical minimum unsupported feature width for a part handled by hand after printing","sources":["dicegame-authority"],"tags":["figurine","miniature","resin","min-feature"],"check":{"process":"additive","rule":"min_feature_size"}},{"id":"figurine-base-diameter","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Miniature round base diameters","summary":"Base a 28-32 mm heroic miniature on a round base of 25, 32 or 40 mm diameter depending on the figure's footprint class (infantry, cavalry/large infantry, monster) — pick from this small standard set rather than a bespoke size, so the figure fits standard movement trays.","applies":["figurine","tabletop miniature","base"],"value":{"options":[25,32,40],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Common wargaming round-base size convention keyed to a figure's footprint class","sources":["dicegame-authority"],"tags":["figurine","miniature","base"]},{"id":"spinning-top-geometry","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Spinning top tip radius and body proportions","summary":"Turn a spinning top's pivot tip to a small 0.5-1 mm radius for low rolling friction and a body 30-50 mm in diameter with its centre of mass low and exactly on the spin axis; any radial mass offset shows up immediately as a wobble that decays the spin.","applies":["spinning top","top"],"value":{"min":0.5,"max":1,"unit":"mm","note":"pivot tip radius; body 30-50mm diameter"},"basis":"A top's spin time is dominated by pivot friction (small tip radius) and rotational balance (mass centred low and on-axis)","sources":["dicegame-authority"],"tags":["spinning-top","tip","balance"]},{"id":"marble-run-marble-diameter-16mm","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"Standard marble diameter for a marble run","summary":"Design a marble run's track and funnels around a 16 mm marble (common range 14-19 mm across toy marble sets), the standard size that a run's channel width, gate spacing and funnel throat all key off.","applies":["marble run","marble"],"value":{"min":14,"max":19,"typical":16,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Standard commodity toy-marble diameter, the reference size marble-run track geometry is built around","sources":["dicegame-authority"],"tags":["marble-run","marble","diameter"]},{"id":"marble-run-track-clearance","kind":"tolerance","tier":2,"title":"Marble run track channel clearance","summary":"Cut a marble run's channel 1-2 mm wider than the marble diameter (17-18 mm channel for a 16 mm marble) so it rolls freely without rattling out sideways; a covered tube instead wants only 0.5-1 mm of diametral clearance since it constrains the marble on all sides.","applies":["marble run","marble","track","channel"],"value":{"min":1,"max":2,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"An open channel needs sidewall clearance for free rolling without letting the marble jump the track; a closed tube needs much less since gravity alone can't eject the marble sideways","sources":["dicegame-authority"],"tags":["marble-run","clearance","track"]},{"id":"meeple-standard-size","kind":"dimension","tier":2,"title":"Standard meeple and token dimensions","summary":"A standard wooden meeple (the Carcassonne-style player-piece figure) stands about 16 mm tall and 10 mm across the shoulders; a flat player token or resource disc runs 15-25 mm in diameter and 3-5 mm thick, sized to be picked up between two fingers.","applies":["meeple","board game token","token"],"value":{"min":16,"max":16,"typical":16,"unit":"mm","note":"meeple height; flat token 15-25mm dia x 3-5mm thick"},"basis":"Common board-game component manufacturing sizes for a wooden meeple figure and flat cardboard/wood tokens","sources":["dicegame-authority"],"tags":["meeple","token","board-game"]},{"id":"ping-pong-ball-40mm","kind":"dimension","tier":1,"title":"ITTF regulation table tennis ball","summary":"A regulation table tennis ball is 40 mm in diameter (+/-0.5 mm) and weighs 2.7 g (2.67-2.77 g acceptable), moulded as a hollow ABS shell about 0.4 mm thick — the shell thickness and seam quality are what give it its 24-26 cm bounce from a 30 cm drop.","applies":["ball","ping pong ball","table tennis ball"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"diameter","value":40,"unit":"mm"},{"param":"mass","value":2.7,"unit":"g"},{"param":"shell","value":0.4,"unit":"mm"}]},"basis":"ITTF-approved 40 mm table tennis ball specification","sources":["ittf-ball-spec"],"tags":["ball","ping-pong","table-tennis","ittf"]},{"id":"standard-en71-1-small-parts","kind":"standard","tier":1,"title":"EN 71-1 small-parts test cylinder","summary":"EN 71-1 defines a 31.7 mm diameter x 57.1 mm deep test cylinder approximating a young child's fully expanded throat; any toy (or part detached by the standard's use-and-abuse tests) intended for a child under 36 months must not fit entirely inside it.","applies":["toy","small parts","safety"],"value":{"table":[{"param":"diameter","value":31.7},{"param":"depth","value":57.1}],"unit":"mm"},"basis":"Governing EU toy-safety standard for the small-parts choking-hazard test cylinder and the associated mechanical use-and-abuse test sequence","sources":["en-71-1"],"tags":["standard","en71","small-parts","safety"]},{"id":"standard-astm-f963","kind":"standard","tier":2,"title":"ASTM F963 — US toy safety specification","summary":"ASTM F963 is the mandatory US toy-safety specification (enforced by CPSC under the CPSIA) covering small parts, sharp edges/points, use-and-abuse mechanical testing, flammability and more for toys intended for children under 14; it is the US counterpart to EN 71.","applies":["toy","safety","standard"],"basis":"Federally mandated US consumer-product-safety specification for toys","sources":["astm-f963"],"tags":["standard","astm","f963","safety"]},{"id":"standard-16cfr1501","kind":"standard","tier":2,"title":"16 CFR 1501 — US small-parts test method","summary":"16 CFR 1501 is the CPSC regulation defining the US small-parts test method and its own 31.7 mm x 57.1 mm cylinder — dimensionally identical to EN 71-1's — used to judge whether a toy component for a child under 3 is a choking hazard.","applies":["toy","small parts","safety"],"value":{"value":31.7,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"US federal regulation defining the small-parts choking-hazard test cylinder and procedure","sources":["cpsc-16cfr1501"],"tags":["standard","cpsc","16cfr1501","small-parts"]},{"id":"toy-age-grading","kind":"rule","tier":2,"title":"Toy age grading and the small-parts test threshold","summary":"Age-grade a toy under 3, 3-6 or 6-plus per ASTM F963/EN 71 guidance; only the under-3 grade must pass the 31.7mm small-parts cylinder test, so a legitimately small removable piece can ship by age-grading up instead of a redesign.","applies":["toy","age grading","safety"],"basis":"Age grading is the mechanism by which a toy standard decides which mechanical tests actually apply to a given part","sources":["astm-f963","en-71-1"],"tags":["age-grading","safety","standard"]},{"id":"test-choking-small-parts","kind":"test","tier":2,"title":"Small-parts choking test","summary":"After the standard's torque, tension, drop and impact use-and-abuse sequence, check every part against the 31.7x57.1mm cylinder; no detachable feature (a button eye, a wheel) may fit entirely inside it once the abuse sequence is done.","applies":["toy","small parts","choking"],"value":{"value":31.7,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"EN 71-1 / 16 CFR 1501 choking-hazard test procedure applied after mechanical abuse, not on the pristine part","sources":["en-71-1","cpsc-16cfr1501"],"tags":["test","choking","small-parts"]},{"id":"test-drop-torque-tension","kind":"test","tier":2,"title":"Use-and-abuse drop, torque and tension test","summary":"The use-and-abuse sequence drops a toy from about 850 mm onto a hard floor, then applies torque and a tension pull to any graspable part; an axle boss, snap-fit limb or glued eye must not separate under those loads if it would then pass the small-parts cylinder.","applies":["toy","drop test","torque","tension"],"value":{"value":850,"unit":"mm"},"basis":"EN 71-1/ASTM F963 mechanical use-and-abuse sequence a toy must survive before the small-parts check is applied","sources":["en-71-1","astm-f963"],"tags":["test","drop","torque","tension"]},{"id":"test-sharp-edge-point","kind":"test","tier":2,"title":"Sharp edge and sharp point test","summary":"EN 71-1's calibrated edge-scraping tool and point tester probe every accessible edge and point on a finished toy; passing means no true 0-radius machined or moulded edge on any part a young child can reach, and no unguarded functional point.","applies":["toy","sharp edge","sharp point"],"basis":"EN 71-1/ASTM F963 mechanical hazard test for accessible sharp edges and points on a finished toy","sources":["en-71-1","astm-f963"],"tags":["test","sharp-edge","sharp-point"]},{"id":"test-bite-test","kind":"test","tier":2,"title":"Bite/compression test","summary":"A bite/compression test clamps a toy part in a jaw-like fixture to simulate a young child biting or squeezing it; a part must not fracture into a piece under 31.7mm, which drives minimum wall thickness at any bite-prone thin edge.","applies":["toy","bite test","compression"],"basis":"EN 71-1/ASTM F963 mechanical test simulating a child's bite/compression force on an accessible part","sources":["en-71-1","astm-f963"],"tags":["test","bite","compression"]},{"id":"material-pla-petg-toys","kind":"material","tier":2,"title":"PLA and PETG for FDM-printed toys","summary":"PLA (~1.24 g/cm3) is the common material for a printed toy prototype or a low-handling display piece; PETG (~1.27 g/cm3) is preferred for anything a child will actually handle and drop, for its better impact toughness.","applies":["toy","fdm","pla","petg"],"value":{"table":[{"material":"pla","density":1.24},{"material":"petg","density":1.27}],"unit":"g/cm3"},"basis":"Standard PLA and PETG filament datasheet densities and known impact-toughness difference","sources":["dicegame-authority"],"tags":["material","pla","petg","fdm"]},{"id":"material-beech-wood-toys","kind":"material","tier":2,"title":"Beech wood for turned/laser-cut toys and puzzles","summary":"Beech (~0.7-0.75 g/cm3) is a common hardwood for turned toys, chess pieces and laser-cut puzzles: fine, even grain that laser-cuts and turns cleanly, takes a smooth food-safe finish, and resists splintering better than softwood.","applies":["toy","wood","beech","puzzle"],"value":{"min":0.7,"max":0.75,"unit":"g/cm3"},"basis":"Standard beech (Fagus) hardwood density and known suitability for toy/puzzle manufacturing","sources":["dicegame-authority"],"tags":["material","wood","beech"]},{"id":"material-pom-toy-mechanisms","kind":"material","tier":2,"title":"POM (acetal) for low-friction toy mechanisms","summary":"POM/acetal (~1.41 g/cm3) is the go-to plastic for a toy's moving mechanical parts — spinning-top pivots, toy car axle bushings, gear trains — for its low coefficient of friction and good wear resistance without added lubricant.","applies":["toy","pom","acetal","mechanism"],"value":{"value":1.41,"unit":"g/cm3"},"basis":"Standard POM/acetal resin datasheet density and known self-lubricating, low-friction bearing behaviour","sources":["dicegame-authority"],"tags":["material","pom","acetal","mechanism"]},{"id":"recipe-die-16mm-pips","kind":"recipe","tier":2,"title":"Recipe: 16 mm die with engraved pips","summary":"Build a standard 16 mm six-sided die: a 16 mm cube, corners/edges blended to a 1 mm radius, then the classic 1-6 pip layout engraved into all six faces.","applies":["dice","d6","die"],"basis":"Combines dice-standard-16mm and dice-edge-radius into the exact buildable input cad_dice_pips expects: a blended cube","sources":["dicegame-authority"],"tags":["recipe","dice","pips"],"recipe":{"prompt":"Model a 16mm six-sided die with a small edge blend and the classic 1-6 pips engraved on all faces","steps":[{"tool":"cad_box","args":{"dx":16,"dy":16,"dz":16},"note":"16mm die blank"},{"tool":"cad_fillet_edges","args":{"of":"$0","radius":1},"note":"blend all edges/corners 1mm before engraving pips"},{"tool":"cad_dice_pips","args":{"of":"$1"},"note":"engrave the classic 1-6 pip layout, defaults scaled from the 16mm face"}],"expect":{"volume":3908.11,"faceCount":89,"watertight":true,"note":"measured 2026-09-19: agrees with the kernel on the CADSF-1630 corpus sweep — volume inside the 0.5% band and faceCount exact"}}},{"id":"recipe-brick-2x4","kind":"recipe","tier":2,"title":"Recipe: 2x4 brick-compatible block with studs","summary":"Build a 2x4 brick-compatible block: a 31.8x15.8x9.6mm body and eight 4.8mm-diameter, 1.8mm-tall studs on the 8mm grid, unioned onto the top face.","applies":["building block","brick-compatible block"],"basis":"Combines brick-stud-pitch-8mm, brick-stud-diameter-height and brick-wall-thickness into one buildable studded block","sources":["bricklink-dims"],"tags":["recipe","brick","stud"],"recipe":{"prompt":"Model a 2x4 brick-compatible block: 31.8x15.8x9.6mm body with eight studs on the 8mm grid on top","steps":[{"tool":"cad_box","args":{"dx":31.8,"dy":15.8,"dz":9.6},"note":"2x4 brick body"},{"tool":"cad_cylinder","args":{"r":2.4,"h":1.8,"origin":[3.9,3.9,9.6]},"note":"stud 1 of 8, 4.8mm dia x 1.8mm tall, first grid point"},{"tool":"cad_cylinder","args":{"r":2.4,"h":1.8,"origin":[11.9,3.9,9.6]},"note":"stud 2, +8mm pitch along X"},{"tool":"cad_cylinder","args":{"r":2.4,"h":1.8,"origin":[19.9,3.9,9.6]},"note":"stud 3"},{"tool":"cad_cylinder","args":{"r":2.4,"h":1.8,"origin":[27.9,3.9,9.6]},"note":"stud 4"},{"tool":"cad_cylinder","args":{"r":2.4,"h":1.8,"origin":[3.9,11.9,9.6]},"note":"stud 5, +8mm pitch along Y"},{"tool":"cad_cylinder","args":{"r":2.4,"h":1.8,"origin":[11.9,11.9,9.6]},"note":"stud 6"},{"tool":"cad_cylinder","args":{"r":2.4,"h":1.8,"origin":[19.9,11.9,9.6]},"note":"stud 7"},{"tool":"cad_cylinder","args":{"r":2.4,"h":1.8,"origin":[27.9,11.9,9.6]},"note":"stud 8"},{"tool":"cad_boolean_union","args":{"of":"$0","tool":["$1","$2","$3","$4","$5","$6","$7","$8"]},"note":"union all 8 studs onto the brick body in one op"}],"expect":{"volume":5084,"faceCount":30,"watertight":true,"note":"measured 2026-09-19: agrees with the kernel on the CADSF-1630 corpus sweep — volume inside the 0.5% band and faceCount exact"}}},{"id":"recipe-chess-pawn-revolve","kind":"recipe","tier":2,"title":"Recipe: Staunton pawn by revolve","summary":"Build a 52mm Staunton pawn (55% of a 95mm king) as a single revolve of its r-z silhouette: base, stem, collar and a rounded head.","applies":["chess","chess pawn","staunton chess piece"],"basis":"Combines chess-king-height-95mm, chess-base-diameter-ratio and chess-piece-height-ratios into one buildable revolved profile","sources":["staunton-sizing"],"tags":["recipe","chess","pawn","revolve"],"recipe":{"prompt":"Model a 52mm Staunton pawn as a single revolve: wide base, narrow stem, a collar, and a rounded head","steps":[{"tool":"cad_revolve_profile","args":{"profile":[[0,0],[14,0],[14,3],[8,6],[8,20],[11,23],[11,25],[6,28],[6,42],[9,44],[9,46],[3,49],[3,50.5],[0,52]]},"note":"r-z silhouette: 14mm-radius weighted base, 8mm stem, 11mm collar, 6mm neck, 9mm ring, 3mm head taper to a rounded top"}],"expect":{"volume":11023.85,"faceCount":17,"watertight":true,"note":"measured 2026-09-19: agrees with the kernel on the CADSF-1630 corpus sweep — volume inside the 0.5% band and faceCount exact"}}}]}